1. The Reconstruction Era

2. Lincoln’s Legacy
In the last month of the war, President Lincoln had established a special bureau to assist former slaves and poor whites in the South
The Freedmen’s Bureau gave food and clothing to former slaves and needy whites
Helped set up 40 hospitals
Established 4,000 primary schools
Set up 61 industrial institutes
Provided 74 teacher training establishments (for both black and white teachers hoping to help educate former slaves)

5. Southern Whites Limit the Freedoms of Ex-Slaves
13th Amendment is passed, abolishing slavery
However, white-controlled state governments pass laws called Black Codes
Allowed worker exploitation
Allowed whipping
Limited speech, travel, denied voting rights,
Included imprisonment and barred them from court testimony against whites

6. Southern Whites Limit the Freedoms of Ex-Slaves
In the first two years after the Civil War, 5000 African-Americans are murdered by whites- often by lynching
Secret organizations, such as the Ku Klux Klan, are founded by whites to intimidate Blacks

7. Common forms of Violence-Lynching and Whipping

9. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
Northern Republicans are convinced that Johnson’s Plan is not working
Black Codes, the KKK, and Confederate officials still in office at state and federal levels cited as evidence
Andrew Johnson had only been President for a year when his program reached a dead end.
Radical Republicans are the most critical of his administration.

10. Andrew Johnson vs. Congress
Congress refused to recognize the state governments that Johnson had encouraged the creation of in his plan
When the Radicals gained a 2/3 majority in Congress, they were able to override Johnson’s vetoes.
Power passed from the Executive Branch into the hands of the Radical Republicans.

11. Thaddeus Stevens from Pennsylvania was the most vocal critic- leads the Radical Republicans

12. The Reconstruction Act of 1867
Known as Radical Reconstruction or Congressional Reconstruction, this act was designed to punish the South for the Civil War, increase the rights of African-Americans, disfranchise ex-confederates, and delay the readmission of states until republican governments established

13. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION PLAN
More severe than the Presidential Plan
Require the majority of voters in a secessionist state to take an oath of loyalty and a second “Iron-clad” oath stating that they did not support the Confederacy
Individual governments had to outlaw slavery
Former confederate officials were banned from voting for state legislators

14. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION PLAN
Passed the 14th Amendment
All qualified voters, blacks included, were to elect a governor and a state legislature
Other Reconstruction Acts follow to strengthen enforcement of the first act.

15. JOHNSON VETOES THE ACT Unfair to the South
Congress over-rides the veto
Invalidate the state governments re-admitted under the Lincoln and Johnson Plans. Only Tennessee will escape because they ratified the 14th Amendment before the Act was passed.

16. TEN STATES UNDER MARTIAL LAW
States that had not ratified the 14th Amendment were divided into five military districts
Military oversees elections concerning new state constitutions and governments
Once conditions met, Reconstruction will be complete

18. Johnson uses executive power to impede Congressional Reconstruction.
IMPEACHMENT CRISIS
Johnson uses executive power to impede Congressional Reconstruction.
Replaced sympathetic radical military officials with conservatives
Defied the Tenure of Office Act and fires Secretary of War Stanton, a radical sympathizer

19. Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War

20. Tenure of Office Act of 1867
The Tenure of Office Act, passed over the veto of President Andrew Johnson on March 2, 1867, provided that all federal officials whose appointment required Senate confirmation could not be removed without the consent of the Senate.

21. IMPEACHMENT CRISIS House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson
Senate trial was held: Johnson’s lawyers argue that Tenure of Office Act is unconstitutional and he is not guilty of a crime indictable in court
Johnson remains in office. The vote fell one vote short of the two-thirds needed to remove him from office

22. RECONSTRUCTION GOVERNMENTS
Most states are re-admitted by 1870.
Republicans will control the South until 1877
President U.S. Grant will uphold tough reconstruction policies
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags
Southern Blacks

23. President Ulysses S. Grant: 18th President of the United States

24. RECONSTRUCTION ENDS Use of violence kept blacks away from the polls
Northerners lost interest in Reconstruction
Compromise of Rutherford B. Hayes is awarded the Presidency in exchange for a promise to remove federal troops from the south. Some troops remain but do not serve a political function

25. Rutherford B. Hayes- 19th President of the United States

26. Reconstruction Amendments
13th Amendment- Abolished slavery
14th Amendment- Blacks are citizens of the United States
Intended to strengthen 1866 Civil Rights Act
15th Amendment- Prohibited denial of suffrage because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

27. ACHIEVEMENTS & FAILURES OF RECONSTRUCTION
States restored to the Union and rebuilding begun.
Public schools established
14th and 15th Amendments passed
Failures
Failed to solve the problems of blacks
Too poor to afford land, many former slaves are exploited under the sharecropping system
Southern economic expansion is slowed by westward expansion
“Jim Crow” laws passed to limit the rights of blacks

28. “Jim Crow”
Southern state governments passed laws forcing segregation and creating barriers to voting rights, such as poll taxes and grand-father clauses.
The Supreme Court will uphold “Jim Crow” in 1895 by its ruling in Plessy vs. Ferguson

31. Notable People who spoke out against “Jim Crow” laws
Ida B. Wells: an anti-lynching crusader, appealed to the federal government to stop lynching
Booker T. Washington: equality via vocational education- accepted social segregation
W.E.B. DuBois: education is meaningless without equality- strive for higher education (college)
Founded the NAACP

32. IDA B. WELLS

33. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON AND TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE

34. W.E.B. DuBois

35. Because Reconstruction was implemented by Republicans, white southerners voted for Democratic candidates. This created a Bloc known as the “Solid South.”

36. Separate but Equal (1896) Plessy v. Ferguson
Case fought because of Jim Crow laws (specifically regarding railroad cars, in this case)
Court ruled that separate but equal was constitutional
Only one justice disagreed: John Marshall Harlan, a Southerner. He said Constitution “is colorblind, neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law.”