1. The Gilded Age 2 Daily Life HUSH Unit 7

2. The Expansion of Education More people in public schools and literate  1870- 2% in HS  1900-32 states required school to age 14  1910- 60% of all children attended school The poor, immigrants, and minorities still lagged behind

3. Higher Education for Women As with other reforms, there was a struggle to gain advances in women's educational opportunities. The first colleges to accept women were  Tulane  Sophie Newcomb  Radcliffe (Harvard’s all- woman counterpart)

4. Higher Education for African Americans Historically all-black colleges  Howard  Fisk  Atlanta University Center

5. Booker T. Washington Former slave and founder of Tuskegee Institute  School for blacks that taught farming, carpentry, brick making, shoemaking, printing and cabinetmaking Believed that blacks should first build economic power and then political power would follow September, 1895, Washington became a national figure when one of his speeches was widely reported by the country's newspapers. Washington's conservative views made him popular with white politicians Other African-American leaders did not agree with his ideas and the movement split

6. Counter Movement to Tuskegee WEB Du Bois  Led the Niagara Movement Called for the end of racism NOW! Did not agree with B. Washington and charged that the best and the brightest must lead the others towards equality now through politics and a quest for justice.  The Souls of Black Folks- most famous publication

7. Excerpt from “The Souls of Black Folks” Herein lie buried many things which if read with patience may show the strange meaning of being black here in the dawning of the Twentieth Century. This meaning is not without interest to you, Gentle Reader; for the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color-line.  W.E.B.Du Bois

8. New Forms of Entertainment in the Gilded Age Vaudeville shows- generally white singers and musicians who traveled throughout the country Minstrel shows- white singers who dressed in black face paint and perpetuated racial inequalities; sometimes black singers put on blackface as well

9. Music in the Gilded Age Jazz and Ragtime music most popular Started within the African- American community in and around New Orleans and other southern cities  Scott Joplin most famous composer and musician

10. Popular Publications in the Gilded Age Newspapers  In order to increase circulation, newspapers often exploited their position by sponsoring a flamboyant and irresponsible approach to news  The term “yellow journalism” was born “If it bleeds it leads”  Joseph Pulitzer- sensational NY journalism  Wm. Randolph Hearst- sensational West coast journalism Pulitzer v Hearst East Coast v West Coast

11. Popular Publications in the Gilded Age Magazines  Weekly, monthly stories  Most popular Horatio Alger stories Fiction/myths of rags to riches Fed into social Darwinism beliefs Books-  Mark Twain  Bret Harte and other adventure stories

12. Sports in the Gilded Age Sports became popular spectator activity Beginning of team and pro sports  Baseball led the way The “national pastime" 1869: The Cincinnati Red Stockings became the first openly-salaried team and are thus considered the first professional team.  Boxing, basketball, bicycling, football also became popular

13. The World of Jim Crow Character in minstrel shows (traveling musical review) called Jim Crow This name was attached to the laws and regulations passed after Reconstruction that attempted to keep African Americans from achieving equality Jim Crow laws- voting, jobs, accommodations, and education  Included Poll taxes, Grandfather clauses, white primaries…

14. Plessey v Ferguson 1896 Supreme Court case concerning the legality of having separate railroad cars for white Did this violate the “equal protection” clause of the 14 th Amendment?? The Supreme Court said, “NO”, citing the idea of “separate but equal”  Set back equality for blacks almost 70 years

15. The Rise of Hate Groups Violence and lynching in many areas  Often due to lack of jobs and the economic instability of era KKK and other hate groups became popular in South AND North  Race riots in Atlanta Northern violence was also on the rise  Race riots in NY and Springfield, IL

16. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- NAACP The NAACP was organized in 1909  Concern over race riots and Jim Crow  Many Niagara Movement leaders joined and combined forces with whites to overcome inequalities and violence WEB Du Bois charged that Booker T. Washington was not helping the cause by remaining quiet The NAACP grew rapidly into a national group  Is still important today in civil rights causes

17. Women’s Rights in the Gilded Age Important Issues  Should women have equality?? Should they work outside the home?  Should they get the right to vote? Helped with women’s independence  Department stores  Mail order catalogs  Rural Free Delivery-RFD More outside-the-home jobs available  But mostly domestic work, industry, and service industry not professional jobs

18. The “New Woman” era Wealthy women also participated  Volunteered for protests  Women’s clubs boomed By turn of the century- things began to change- Fashion, books, and music

19. Margaret Sanger- Margaret Sanger was educated as and worked as a nurse. In her work with poor women on the Lower East Side of New York, she was aware of the effects of unplanned and unwelcome pregnancies. She came to believe in the importance to women's lives and women's health of the availability of birth control, a term which she's credited with inventing. In 1912, Sanger gave up nursing work to gave advice about birth control  This was against the law  The Comstock Act

20. The End… for Fall Semester Notes! Be ready for the Unit 7 Test! Read and study notes!