1. Arab Nationalism

2. Origins of Arab Nationalism “Young Turks” seized remains of Ottoman Empire Build nation for “Turks” Sought to Turkicize Arabs Arabs developed own nationalist movement Sought nation for Arabs

3. Sati c al-Husri

4. Notions of Nation British & French: heterogeneous peoples united over centuries by capitalist economy and state institutions German: people who share culture and language who naturally should become a state Al Husri: situation of Arabs more resembles Germany

5. Ba c th Party: Michel Aflaq ( Christian ) Salah Baytar ( Sunni Muslim )

6. Arab Nationalism Nation = Arab language & culture Secular: Muslim and Christian Arabs Anti-Imperialist Non-aligned: neither U.S. nor U.S.S.R. Planned development & economy –Rhetoric of “socialism” –Pro private property & anti-Communist

7. United Arab Republic

8. Gamal Nasser

9. Hafez Assad

10. Bashar al- Assad

11. Saddam Hussein

12. Moammar Qaddafi

13. 1967 War with Israel End of Arab Nationalism Popular turn to Islam

14. Islamism

15. Islamism: Background Revival movements 19 th centuryperipheral areas Reform / modernist movements 1900 – 1960s – todayurban centers “Salafiyya” or “Salafi” movements (back to origins/ancestors) sometimes support Islamist movements

16. Revival Movements 18 th century: Abd al Wahhab 1744: alliance with Ibn Saud 1924: founding of Saudi Arabia –Abd al Aziz Saud & tribal & Wahhabist fighters

17. 19 th Cent. Revival Movements Nigeria Bengal Algeria Lybia Somalia Sudan: Mahdi

18. Reform / Modernist Islam late 19 th early 20 th Centuries Jamal ad-Din al Afghani Mohammed Abduh Qassem Amin Rashid Rida

19. Reform / Modernist Islam late 19 th early 20 th Centuries Revive and “modernize” Islam Strengthen Muslim community Fight against Western colonialism

20. Al Afghani

21. Mohammed Abduh

22. Qassem Amin The Emancipation of Women

24. Huda Sharaawi: Egyptian feminist movement 1920s

25. Rashid Rida

26. Salafiyya Movements Orthodox “Modern” Islam of educated Nationalist movements Opposed to: “popular” Islam –Superstitions –Saint “worship: –Trance dancing –sorcery

27. Islamism Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt) Hamas (Palestinians) Hizballah (Lebanon – Shi’i) Khomeini – Ahmadinejad (Iran) F.I.S. (“Islamic Salvation Front” Algeria) Taliban (Afthanistan) Al Qaeda (international)

28. Muslim Brotherhood 1928 - Hassan al-Banna –Killed 1948 Sayyid Qutb –U.S. 1948 – 1950 –arrested 1954 and tortured –Released 1964 –Arrested 1965hung 1966 Sheikh Kishk –Arrested 1978 –Released 1982died 1996

29. Hassan al-Banna

30. Muslim Brotherhood Sacred history: now living sacred history Diagnosis: social problems, colonization, tyranny stem from turn away from religion Solution: return to purified religion; government of God

31. Ikhwan: Sacred History Prophet & companions: revolutionaries Medina: golden age of justice Muslim conquests: result of piety Decline & colonization: Muslims abandoned Islam Renaissance: return to “pure” Islam

32. Sayyid Qutb at Colorado State 1948

33. Sayyid Qutb Jahilya: state of ignorance & immorality before Prophet & Islam ruler is “pharoah” Hijra: emigration from corrupt society Ikwan Muslimin: brotherhood of vanguard “true” Muslims Takfir: tyrants declared “apostates” Jihad: struggle against inner jahiliya & jahiliya tyrants – duty of all Muslims

34. Sayyid Qutb at trails hung in 1966

35. Sheikh Kishk

36. Jalal Al e Ahmad Westoxication

37. Euromania Al-e Ahmad wrote that Satan’s incarnation is the machine, manufactured in the West, which enslaves those who consume its products. Even more powerful forms of enslavement come from the superficial cravings Westernization implants in Iranian minds and the way Iranians come to see and know themselves through the gaze of Europeans.

38. Euromania “I say that West-stricken-ness is like cholera or frostbite. But no. It’s at least as bad as sawflies in the wheat fields. Have you ever seen how they infest wheat? From within.”

39. Euromania Al-e Ahmad compares iranians to the crow in a popular Sufi folktale: The crow sees a partridge walk by and is amazed at the measured elegance fo the partridge’s gait. Afgter long and painstaking practice, the crow forgets how to walk like a crow, but never learns to walk like a partridge. The Euromanic “has no personality… he is an object with no authentic origin.”

40. Ali Shariati: Islam & Marxism

41. Ali Shariati Combined Marxist critique of alienation and class exploitation with Islam, to offer “liberation theology”-like outlook: resistance to tyranny, Westernization, and elite privilege is religious duty, symbolized by martyrdom of Hussain.

42. Ayatollah Khomeini

44. Palestine P.L.O.: secular nationalist

45. Palestine intifada

46. Palestine Hammas: Islamist derived fromMuslimn Brotherhood

47. Algeria 1990s Civil War

48. Algeria F.I.S.: Islamist party won local elections would win national elections elections cancelled took up arms Civil War: nearly 100,000 killed

49. Afghanistan

50. Taliban: Islamist grew from war against Soviets (with U.S. support) Sayyid Qutb & other sources

51. Lebanon Hizballah: Islamist, Shi’i

52. Al Qaeda (International)