1. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVMENT

2. 25.1 – THE MOVMENT BEGINS
What does the term “Civil Rights” mean to you?
What does the term “segregation” mean to you?
Does segregation still exist in the U.S. today?

3. 25.1 – THE MOVEMENT BEGINS
After WWII many people started challenging segregation
Federal gov’t started to take a stronger stand in support of African- American Rights
U.S. SUPREME COURT

4. JIM CROW LAWS
It shall be unlawful for a negro and a white person to play together in or in company with each other in any game of cards or dice, dominoes or checkers
Birmingham, Alabama 1930

5. JIM CROW LAWS
No colored barber shall serve as a barber to white women or girls
Atlanta, Georgia 1926

6. JIM CROW LAWS
Marriages are void where one party is a white person and the other is possessed of one-eighth or more negro, Japanese, for Chinese blood
Nebraska, 1911

7. JIM CROW LAWS
Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school
Missouri 1929

8. JIM CROW LAWS
Any white woman who shall suffer or permit herself to be got with child by a negro or mulatto…shall be sentenced to the penitentiary for not less than 18 months
Maryland, 1924

9. JIM CROW LAWS
All railroads carrying passengers in the state (other than street railroads) shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger cars for each passenger train, or by dividing the cars by partition, so as to secure separate accommodations
Tennessee 1891

10. 25.1 – ORIGINS OF THE MOVEMENT
Brown v. Board
Rosa Parks/Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
CORE – Sit-ins
SCLC – Martin Luther King, Jr.
Little Rock, Arkansas
Thurgood Marshall - NAACP

11. 25.1 – SIGNIFICANT COURT CASES (read on your own)
Norris v. Alabama (1935)
Juries
Morgan v. Virginia (1946)
Interstate buses
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
State law schools

12. EMMETT TILL

13. EMMETT TILL

14. 25.2 – CHALLENGING SEGREGATION
Sit-in Movement
African-Americans asked to be served at segregated restaurants
1960 Woolworth’s in Greensboro, N.C.
By 1961 sit-ins had spread to over 100 cities
Heavy student involvement
Students eventually formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); alternative to the NAACP and/or SCLC
Ella Baker

15. 25.2 – CHALLENGING SEGREGATION
Freedom Riders
Groups of people encouraged to travel in the South to bring attention to segregated buses/bus terminals
Angry mobs often attacked the buses/passengers
Horrific violence in Alabama in 1961
The movement (3)
The tactic (1)
The strategy (2)
The governor
“Bull” Connor

16. 25.2 – KENNEDY AND CIVIL RIGHTS
Promised to support the CRM
AAs voted in large numbers for him
Early on he was timid, disappointed many AAs, why?
Robert Kennedy (Attorney General) took charge of he administration’s support of the CRM
By 1962 the segregation of interstate buses was over

17. JAMES MEREDITH
1962 – The Governor of Mississippi refused to allow Meridith to enroll at the University of Mississippi
Riots break out, JFK eventually has to send in federal troops to guard Meridith for the rest of the school year
Meredith statue vandalized

18. VIOLENCE IN BIRMINGHAM
Frustrated wit the pace of reform, MLK began demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama (1963)
Why did he do this?
MLK was arrested, wrote his famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail”
Under orders from Bull Connor, the police used clubs, dogs, and hoses on the demonstrators (us video)
JFK prepares a new Civil Rights Bill
Was this MLK’s plan all along?

19. 25.2 – PURSUIT OF A CIVIL RIGHTS BILL
1963 – JFK starts pushing for a Civil Rights Bill after the speech by Wallace and the murder of Medgar Evers
August 28, 1963 – over 200,000 march on Washington, D.C. to push for a Civil Rights bill
MLK gives his “I Have a Dream” speech (us video)
Medgar Evers

20. 25.2 – THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) became president after JFK was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963
Under LBJ’s leadership the Civil Rights Act of was passed

21. 25.2 – THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964
Gave the federal gov’t broad powers to prevent racial discrimination
Made segregation illegal in most places of public gathering/accommodation
Gave citizens of all races and nationalities equal access to public facilities
Gave the U.S. Attorney General more power to bring about lawsuits to force school desegregation
Required private employers to end discrimination in the workplace
Established the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)

22. 25.2 – THE STRUGGLE FOR VOTING RIGHTS
24h Amendment
Passed in 1964; did away with poll taxes in federal (not state) elections
AAs were still fighting a major battle to gain full voting rights; were often physical attacked for registering voters or voting itself
MLK organized a march in Selma, Alabama to bring attention to the issue (1965); leads to “Bloody Sunday” (us video)
LBJ was outraged, started pushing for new voting rights law

23. 25.2 – VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
WHAT IT DID
RESULTS
Federal examiners could be sent to register voters
Suspended discriminatory devices (literacy tests) in counties where less than half of all adults had been registered to vote
By the end of 1965 almost 250,000 new AAs had been registered
# of elected AA officials in the South increased
Now the 2 major goals of the CRM (outlawing of segregation and laws to prevent voting rights) had been legislated. The movement now started to shift towards acquiring full social and economic equality; focus on poverty and cities