1. English 11 April 2007

2.  Who was Jim Crow?  Minstrel show “Jump Jim Crow”  Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy” Rice  White immigrant  First popular “blackface” performer  Term used to describe “Separate but equal”  Set forth in New Orleans  Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 The Jim Crow Era

3. The Jim Crow Era

4.  “Separate but equal” ruled unconstitutional in 1954  Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka  Declared the segregation of students into Black-only and White-only schools inherently unequal

5. A Change of Scenery  Many Black Americans moved north or west after the Civil War  Attempt to escape prejudice and the downfalls of the Reconstruction

6. A Change of Scenery

7. Into Harlem Many Black Americans found their way to Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City with a lively African- American population.

8. Why Harlem?  Phillip Payton  Entrepreneur  Considered the father of “Black Harlem”  1904 – Housing market collapsed in White upper middle class area of Harlem  Payton bought vacant apartments and rented them to Black tenants  Represented freedom  Physically  Financially  Emotionally  Spiritually

9. A Renaissance: 1920-1932  Renaissance  A revival in the world of art and learning  The New Negro Movement  Movement of Black Americans to northern cities  Emergence of radical thought  Set the stage for the creation of great literature and art in Harlem  Could now express their heritage  Could stand up for what they believed

10. A New Sound  From the four corners  Talented musicians came from all over the country  Their unique voices came together to form popular Black music  One of the most important contributions was the jazz sound from New Orleans  Jazz is uniquely American  And was created by African-Americans!

11. Famous Artisans

12. Sights and Sounds

13. A Mixed Audience  Prohibition: 1920-1932  U.S. outlawed the manufacturing, transporting, and selling of alcoholic beverages  Speakeasy  An establishment used for selling alcohol during prohibition  Whites frequented the speakeasies in Harlem for entertainment and alcohol  They were entertained by Black performers  Performers gained celebrity in the White community

14. White Involvement  Some Whites helped the New Negro Movement  Provided funding  Assisted in publicizing the performers  Published Black authors  Why did they help?  Generosity?  Paternalism?  Guilt?

15. Shunned Stars  The artistic figures in Harlem were known all over New York City  But they weren’t accepted all over New York City  Black band leaders and instrumentalists couldn’t be on the bandstand downtown  Black performers were seldom invited to perform at downtown clubs  Audiences wanted performers to fit Black stereotypes at the time  Enabled the performers to make a living

16. Slowed, Not Stopped  The Great Depression  1929  Put a damper on artistic development  Stalled the movement, but didn’t stop it  Still going…  Langston Hughes – rave reviews for his poetry  Zora Neal Hurston – big success with Their Eyes Were Watching God, 1937  After an early-30s slump, jazz came back and had its greatest popular success

17. Effects of the Harlem Renaissance  Established African-Americans in the artistic community  International acclaim  Artistic achievements by African-Americans were recognized across the country and around the world  Proved wrong Black stereotypes  Civil Rights organizations, such as the NAACP, emerged during this time  More than just literature, art, and music

18. Jazz Portrait (A Great Day in Harlem) - 1958 Thelonious Monk Sonny Rollins Count Basie Charles MingusDizzy Gillespie Gene Krupa