1. Ceiling Radiant Cooling Panels as a Viable Distributed Parallel Sensible Cooling Technology Christopher L. Conroy, E.I.T. L. D. Astorino Companies, Pittsburgh PA Stanley A. Mumma, Ph.D., P.E. Penn State University, Dept. of Architectural Engineering Christopher L. Conroy, E.I.T. L. D. Astorino Companies, Pittsburgh PA Stanley A. Mumma, Ph.D., P.E. Penn State University, Dept. of Architectural Engineering Integrated with Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems

2. Presentation Overview Introduction Radiant Cooling Theory HVAC Paradigm Advantages Example Integration of Fire Suppression Conclusions and Solutions Introduction Radiant Cooling Theory HVAC Paradigm Advantages Example Integration of Fire Suppression Conclusions and Solutions

3. Integrating Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems with Parallel Terminal Systems Radiant Cooling Panels Fan Coil Units Air Handling Units Unitary ACs Unit Ventilators

4. Radiant Cooling Theory Uses both Radiation and Convection Radiation (50-60%) »Stefan-Boltzmann Equation »q r = 0.15x10 -8 · [(t p +460) 4 – (t a +460) 4 ] Convection (40-50%) »ASHRAE S&E 1996 »q c = 0.31 · |t p - t a | 0.31 · (t p - t a ) Uses both Radiation and Convection Radiation (50-60%) »Stefan-Boltzmann Equation »q r = 0.15x10 -8 · [(t p +460) 4 – (t a +460) 4 ] Convection (40-50%) »ASHRAE S&E 1996 »q c = 0.31 · |t p - t a | 0.31 · (t p - t a )

5. Radiant Cooling Paradigm Expensive »High first cost »Difficult or improper installation »Unavailable Expensive »High first cost »Difficult or improper installation »Unavailable Condensation!!!

6. Radiant Cooling Panel Construction Copper Tubing (Serpentine or Parallel Arrangement) Copper Tubing (Serpentine or Parallel Arrangement) Aluminum or Copper Fins Thermally Bonded Blanketed with Insulation

7. Cost Advantages Long Term Savings »Smaller, More Efficient Chillers »Reduced Fan Energy »Reduced Maintenance Cost »Not paying for Over Ventilating Other Cost Savings »Piping is not insulated »Reduced Sprinkler Piping »Testing and Balancing Made Simpler Long Term Savings »Smaller, More Efficient Chillers »Reduced Fan Energy »Reduced Maintenance Cost »Not paying for Over Ventilating Other Cost Savings »Piping is not insulated »Reduced Sprinkler Piping »Testing and Balancing Made Simpler

8. Indoor Air Quality Advantages High comfort levels No condensate drains or drain pans Meets ANSI/ASHRAE Std 62-1999 Quick response time Individual room control at low cost High comfort levels No condensate drains or drain pans Meets ANSI/ASHRAE Std 62-1999 Quick response time Individual room control at low cost

9. Building Advantages Architecturally Integratable »Silk screening available »Perforated face (acoustics) Great for Retrofit or New Construction »Reduces Mechanical Space »Less Ductwork –Less vertical shaft space –Higher ceilings and/or reduced building heights Simpler Coordination Between Trades »Integration of fire suppression »Less interferences (crossover ductwork) Architecturally Integratable »Silk screening available »Perforated face (acoustics) Great for Retrofit or New Construction »Reduces Mechanical Space »Less Ductwork –Less vertical shaft space –Higher ceilings and/or reduced building heights Simpler Coordination Between Trades »Integration of fire suppression »Less interferences (crossover ductwork)

10. Example: Step 1 Defining Parameters Open Office Plan »1000 ft 2 Define Design Conditions »78ºF DBT / 40% RH »7 People (20 cfm/person) Space Loads »7 People (Office Work) »2 W/sq ft (Lighting) »1 W/sq ft (Equipment) »4,000 Btu/h (Skin Loss) Open Office Plan »1000 ft 2 Define Design Conditions »78ºF DBT / 40% RH »7 People (20 cfm/person) Space Loads »7 People (Office Work) »2 W/sq ft (Lighting) »1 W/sq ft (Equipment) »4,000 Btu/h (Skin Loss) »14,000 Btu/h (Total Sensible) »1,435 Btu/h (Total Latent) »14,000 Btu/h (Total Sensible) »1,435 Btu/h (Total Latent) 1000 ft 2 78°F / 40%

11. Step 2 Estimation of CRCP Capacity

12. Step 3 Calculation of CRCP Capacity Room DPT = 52°F »78°F / 40% RH DOAS DPT = 44°F »1,435 Btuh Latent Load »140 cfm @ 55°F »3,500 Btuh Sensible Load Room DPT = 52°F »78°F / 40% RH DOAS DPT = 44°F »1,435 Btuh Latent Load »140 cfm @ 55°F »3,500 Btuh Sensible Load Panel t fi = 55°F Panel Temp = 60°F Q s = 29.7 Btuh/ft 2 »10,500 Btuh »354 ft 2 of panel Panel t fi = 55°F Panel Temp = 60°F Q s = 29.7 Btuh/ft 2 »10,500 Btuh »354 ft 2 of panel

13. Step 4 Selection and Layout of CRCP 126 4x2 Ceiling Panels »~ 1000 ft 2 24 Light Fixtures »~ 20% of Ceiling 49 Ceiling Radiant Cooling Panels »392 ft 2 (40%) 400 sq. ft. Leftover »Diffusers »Sprinklers Q s = 26.7 Btuh/ft2 »Room RH = 43% »Increase DOAS DPT 126 4x2 Ceiling Panels »~ 1000 ft 2 24 Light Fixtures »~ 20% of Ceiling 49 Ceiling Radiant Cooling Panels »392 ft 2 (40%) 400 sq. ft. Leftover »Diffusers »Sprinklers Q s = 26.7 Btuh/ft2 »Room RH = 43% »Increase DOAS DPT

14. Step 5 Compare Acoustical Performance of CRCP Acoustical Ceiling Vs CRCP Frequency (Hz) Reverberation Time (sec)

15. Chilled Water Loop TZONEVALVESZONEVALVESCRCP’sCRCP’s SECONDARYPUMP(VFD)SECONDARYPUMP(VFD) COMPRESSIONTANKCOMPRESSIONTANK MAKE-UPPUMPMAKE-UPPUMP

16. Integrated Fire Suppression System CHECKVALVECHECKVALVE ALARMVALVEALARMVALVE FIREFLOWSWITCHFIREFLOWSWITCH FIREPUMPASSEMBLYFIREPUMPASSEMBLY

17. Conclusions and Solutions Seen the Advantages Concluded that CRCP’s can be Used Safely with No Condensation Problems Defined a Simple Selection Process Examined the Opportunity for Fire Suppression Integration Seen the Advantages Concluded that CRCP’s can be Used Safely with No Condensation Problems Defined a Simple Selection Process Examined the Opportunity for Fire Suppression Integration Break the HVAC Paradigm »More Successful Applications »Spreading the Word Explore the Possibilities of Lowering Cost »Increase Availability »Research a way to produce custom lengths on site Development Through the Solar Industry Break the HVAC Paradigm »More Successful Applications »Spreading the Word Explore the Possibilities of Lowering Cost »Increase Availability »Research a way to produce custom lengths on site Development Through the Solar Industry

18. Questions