1. AIS Chapter 9 Heat

2. Heat Exchange During Exercise

3. The Hypothalamus 下視丘 —The Body’s Thermostat Increased core temperature – Anterior hypothalamus – Commencement of sweating – Increased skin blood flow Cold exposure – Posterior hypothalamus – Increase heat production Shivering – Decrease heat loss Decreased skin blood flow

4. Heat Exchange During Exercise Evaporative heat loss: Most important Convective heat loss: Small contribution Radiative heat loss: Small contribution

5. Heat Exchange During Exercise

6. Body Temperature Increase During Exercise Increase in body temperature with work rate – Linear across wide range of temperatures

7. Heat Exchange During Exercise: Effect of Ambient Temperature As ambient temperature increases: – Heat production remains constant – Lower convective and radiant heat loss – Higher evaporative heat loss

8. Heat Exchange During Exercise: Effect of Exercise Intensity ↑exercise intensity, ↑ heat production – Lower convective and radiant heat loss – Higher evaporative heat loss

9. Exercise in Hot/Humid Environments Cardiovascular responses – ↑skin temperature, ↑cutaneous blood flow – ↑heart rate to maintain cardiac output – ↑sweat rate, ↓plasma volume, ↑plasma osmolality Thermal responses – ↑ Peripheral and core temperature Hyperthermia: esophageal temperature >~40 C in well-trained subjects – An independent cause of fatigue – ↓ Self-selected exercise pace

10. Exercise in Hot/Humid Environments Metabolic responses – ↑anaerobic metabolism, ↑blood lactate – ↓ADP rephosphorylation (ADP  ATP), ↓muscle blood flow, ↑respiratory exchange ratio – ↑glycogen usage, ↑glycolysis

11. Core Temperature and Sweat Rate During Exercise in Heat/Humidity

12. Performance in different temperature

13. Thermal assessment in athletes Heat generation and dissipation during exercise highly individual Ingestible thermometer Rectal thermometer Esophageal thermometer Data analyzed in conjunction with heart rate, sweat rate, rate of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, performance data

14. Measurement of core temp during ex

15. Acclimatization of heat Passively: sustained passive heat exposure – Not recommended Actively: physical training in warm to hot conditions – Limit heat dissipation, promote heat storage Initial adaptations: ↑plasma volume, ↑cutaneous blood flow, ↓heart rate, ↓perception of effort Subsequent adaptations: ↓resting core temp, ↓exercise core temp, earlier onset of sweating, ↓sweat secretion

16. Acclimatization of heat Duration: ~ 2 weeks, large individual difference – Elite endurance runners already partially heat acclimatized Athletes predominantly train and compete in worm to hot environments  already heat acclimatized Focus: practice pacing and heat management strategies – May require 2 weeks Require planning to ensure that tapering not limit adaptation – Similar efforts to those of competition

17. Heat management strategies Acclimation: what to do in cold environment AIS prepare for Olympics in Asia – 7-8 weeks, 60-90 min exercise in heat tent, once per week prior to departure – Further 10 days in competition venue – Gradually increase exercise intensity in heat – Exposed to heat, but allow adequate recovery between sessions Training in spring to prepare for summer competitions – 1-2 sessions/week train outdoors at noon, or in hot rooms/gyms

18. Heat management strategies Hydration: <2% body weight loss during exercise – Calculate dehydration (%): (preBW – postBW) x 100/ preBW – Calculate sweat rate (L/hr): (PreBW - postBW + fluid consumption – urine output) / Time – Urine specific gravity: <1.010 (well hydrated), 1.010- 1.020 (minimal dehydration) Fluid consumption schedule according to dehydration and sweat rate Ad libitum drinking 50-70% sweat loss during ex

19. Heat management strategies: Cooling usually ↓core temp ~0.5 C Ice jackets Water immersion, can be used during breaks – < 10 min at < 15 C – 20-30 min at 25-28 C: more popular Crushed ice ingestion 冰沙 – 7.5 ml/kg ice ↓core temp 0.7 C, improve performance Ice towels forearm/ and hand immersion – 20 min at 10 C ↓core temp 0.6 C

20. Effect of immersion on core temp

21. Commercialized ice sports bar http://www.powerice.com/product-info/