1. 1ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Electronic Direction Finding Developed as part of the National Emergency Services Curriculum Project

2. 2ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 How the Mission Starts ELT set off by plane crashing, or EPIRB goes off when ship sinks or when either is accidentally set off –97 to 99 percent of all ELT missions are false alarms SARSAT or COSPAS receives the signal The satellite transmits the mirror locations of the target to a Local User Terminal (LUT)

3. 3ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 How the Mission Starts Continued The LUT forwards the information to the Mission Control Center so that the appropriate Rescue Coordination Center can be notified AFRCC, at Langley AFB, calls the mission coordinator or designee who proceeds with the callout

5. 5ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Distress Beacon Frequencies Primary: –121.5 MHz, and its harmonics (243 MHz) –243 MHz, military frequency –406 MHz, next generation distress beacons transmitting location, tail number or boat identification, etc. Training: –121.775 MHz Required by FAA as of 31 January 1998 121.6 MHz is no longer authorized for training

6. 6ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 What are you looking for?

7. 7ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 L-Per Components Receiver: the actual metal box, has 7 features: –Dial: indicates signal strength or direction depending on whether in REC or DF mode –Mode switch: sets into DF, REC or OFF positions –Frequency selector: allows the selection of the frequencies possible depending on what is installed and the model

8. 8ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 L-Per Components Continued –Sensitivity switch: a variable switch that adjusts the receiver's sensitivity. The closer to the target the less sensitivity is required –Volume control: adjusts the audible signal –Speaker: emits the audible signal –Dial light switch: turns the dial light on for use in low light conditions

9. 9ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 L-Per Receiver

10. 10ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Mast –The two piece wooden vertical mast is joined in the middle by a bolt and wing nut, allowing the mast to be folded for storage or while the unit is carried through the woods. Make sure to hold the mast on both levels because the L-Per tends to be a knuckle-buster. –The coaxial cable for connecting the radio to the antenna, and mounting screws for attaching the receiver to the mast are mounted to the mast. L-Per Components Continued

11. 11ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 L-Per Components Continued Antenna crossbar –Antenna elements are attached to the crossbar, varying in size according to the frequency that you are searching on –Wire leads connect the antenna elements together at the switchbox located in the middle of the crossbar. –The antenna elements fold down parallel to the crossbar for storage or carrying through the wilderness.

12. 12ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Using the L-Per

13. 13ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 L-Per in DF Mode DF mode measures equal strengths of signal –Not completely accurate, but good enough! –When needle is centered, ELT could be either direction –Needle always POINTS to the ELT (DF=Follow the needle) –Use a TURN to TELL if the ELT is in front or behind you

14. 14ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 DF = Follow the Needle

15. 15ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 L-Per in REC Mode Receive Mode Measures Signal Strength only –Signal comes from the direction of the arrows on the antenna (to your left)

16. 16ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 L-Per in REC Mode Continued Use it with multiple centers (more than 2) to verify strongest path –Due Reflections –That’s most likely the true direction to the ELT

17. 17ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Using the Tracker DF Unit

18. 18ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Tracker Operating Instructions Unfold antennae of the receiver unit, front antennae first then rear antennae Start the receiver by pressing ON-button. –When turning on the receiver, it will automatically select the international distress frequency (121.5 MHz), channel 1, and the green lights start blinking on the LED display –Use the CH button switch between the distress and practice frequency

19. 19ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Tracker Operating Instructions Continued By Pressing the MAN button you can choose manual operation instead of automatic. –The MAN light will be lit when this mode has been selected –Receiver sensitivity can be adjusted in the manual mode In manual or automatic mode, the LED display reflects signal strength in the direction of the signal beacon

20. 20ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Body Shielding A method of beating reflections at close range Can use L-Per Radio Shack JETSTREAM radio is better and CHEAP! Body blocks out the signal –Called a NULL –Null should be at your BACK

21. 21ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Body Shielding Continued At extremely close range, a 2m VHF radio un- squelched may work –This works ok when trying to figure out a particular aircraft on a flight line, it will probably not identify a particular hangar

22. 22ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Line of Sight Transmission –ELTs are limited to Line of Sight propagation and reflections –You don’t always need to hear the ELT Carrier wave may be broadcasting with no audible sweep

23. 23ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 What Else Can Affect An ELT Signal? Power lines Fence Line (signal can follow) Reflections off of obstacles Hangars Moving Target Not using the Equipment Properly - See Picture at Right What’s wrong with this?

24. 24ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Set Up the Equipment Completely Open the Antennae Fully for use in the field

25. 25ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Reflections To beat reflections –Check sensitivity often –Use REC mode Usually strongest signal is not a reflection –Use the rubber ducky antenna when sensitivity is low –Re-trace your steps if necessary, going back to locations of strong signal strength

26. 26ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Triangulation Documenting team movements is logical, and can allow the team to locate the distress beacon sooner

27. 27ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Triangulation Continued You must be able to receive the signal –Center up DF unit on the signal –Take the magnetic bearing (shoot an azimuth) –Correct for magnetic variation East is least, West is best –Plot your bearings (draw a line) on map –The ELT should be where the lines cross!

28. 28ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Plot your Bearings

29. 29ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 What information is needed for the IC? Make Model and Model # Manufacturer Location Description Approximate location (Latitude & Longitude) Owner Tail Number or Boat Name and Number Time Found and Time Shut-off

30. 30ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 What information is needed for the IC? Continued Switch Position on ELT or EPIRB: ON, OFF, or ARM Manufacture Date Battery Expiration Date Information which could indicate reason for accidental or justified activation of ELT or EPIRB NOTE: If you can’t get certain information, don’t worry, the AFRCC understands

31. 31ELTDF.ppt Last Revised: 16 July 2002 Electronic Direction Finding Tasks Ground Team Members –O-0301: Determine Distress Beacon Bearing –O-0302: Locate a Distress Beacon Ground Team Leaders –O-0303: Deactivate a Distress Beacon –O-0304: Triangulate on a Distress Beacon