1. Plate Tectonics Definition of ‘Plate Tectonics’  Plate(s) – “flat” pieces of the lithosphere that cover the dynamic earth  Tecton – Greek word for ‘movement’  Plate Tectonics – The study of movement, creation, and destruction of lithospheric (crustal) plates  Dynamic – constantly changing

2. Continental Drift Theory Claimed that the continents were once connected into one huge continent called Pangaea (means all lands) Scientists rejected Wegener’s theory because he could not prove WHY or HOW the continents moved. Alfred Wegener (meteorologist), 1912

3. Alfred Wegener (cont.) First clue: Continents seem to ‘fit together’ (South America & Africa)

4. Alfred Wegener (cont.) original drawings from Wegener’s book “Origin of the Continents and Oceans”

5. Evidence I – Fossil Clues Fossils found on continents 1000’s of miles apart: Mesosaurus and Glossopteris

8. Evidence II - Glaciers Glacial deposits and striations in tropical areas

10. Evidence III – Mountain Ranges Mountain ranges of same geology (rocks) separated by oceans. For example: the Appalachian & the Caledonian Mountains

11. Evidence IV Mineral and Rock Deposits Other Paleoclimate indicators: Coal deposits in North America and Europe (and artic areas) Coral reefs in Northern Canada Vast sand dunes (desert indicators) not in latitudes associated with deserts.

12. Alfred Wegener (cont.) **Scientists rejected Wegener’s theory because he could not prove WHY or HOW the continents moved. Wegener died on a meteorological expedition in Greenland in 1930; his theory still unaccepted.

13. Sea Floor Spreading Harry Hess (1960) Professor of Geology at Princeton UniversityProfessor of Geology at Princeton University World War II broke out, while on active duty as a navy sea captain, he took “soundings” of the ocean floor topography and found the Mid-Atlantic Ridge system.World War II broke out, while on active duty as a navy sea captain, he took “soundings” of the ocean floor topography and found the Mid-Atlantic Ridge system. Continuing his research after the war, Hess speculated that the sea floor was spreading out from vents in the cracks where hot magma oozed up to the surface.Continuing his research after the war, Hess speculated that the sea floor was spreading out from vents in the cracks where hot magma oozed up to the surface.

14. Sea Floor Spreading Theory developed that magma from the Earth’s mantle rises to the surface at the mid-ocean ridge and cools to form new seafloor – like a conveyor belt

16. Evidence Rock Age – rocks are youngest at the ridge, and they get older as you move away from the ridge / toward the continentsRock Age – rocks are youngest at the ridge, and they get older as you move away from the ridge / toward the continents Magnetic Clues – iron minerals in rocks, like basalt, align themselves with the magnetic north pole at the time they crystallize.Magnetic Clues – iron minerals in rocks, like basalt, align themselves with the magnetic north pole at the time they crystallize.

17. Sea Floor Spreading ridges had high heat flow and universal volcanism throughoutridges had high heat flow and universal volcanism throughout new magma slowly pushes away from the ridge, causing separation of the ocean floor.new magma slowly pushes away from the ridge, causing separation of the ocean floor. (not in notes)

18. Sea Floor Spreading

19. the Mid-Ocean Ridge is the longest mountain chain in the world: nearly 46,000 miles long in total undersea mountains more than 12,000 feet high & 1,200 miles wide

20. Sea Floor Spreading Paleomagnetism Study of the intensity and orientation of the earth's magnetic field Magnetic orientation is ‘frozen’ in metal bearing igneous rocks

21. Sea Floor Spreading (In 1963, Fred Vine & Drummond Matthews) Discovered that throughout geologic time, the polarity of the Earths Magnetic field has been reversed This reversal has been recorded in the rocks on either side of the mid-ocean ridges

22. Magnetic Inclination The Earth's magnetic field is curved, and the inclination of the magnetic grains gives an estimate of the “paleolatitude”: –Equator: horizontal –Mid-latitude: high angle –Pole: straight up

24. The End?

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