1. Vocal registers revisited Gerrit Bloothooft Peter Pabon Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS The Netherlands

2. Vocal registers zScientific agreement ysame mechanical principle of voice production ypulse- modal- falsetto- register zSingers terminology y‘sub’ registers: chest voice, middle voice, head voice

3. Phonetogram zDisplay of all possible phonations yX-axis: fundamental frequency yY-axis: sound pressure level zUnit: 1 dB x 1 semitone

4. Fundamental frequency (Hz) Vocal Intensity (dB SPL) Sample Density Phonetogram sample density

5. Research goal zUse of phonetogram recordings to reconsider the vocal register terminology

6. Enriched phonetogram zAcoustic voice quality parameters added yjitter xstability of fundamental frequency ycrest factor xdifferentiates between pulse-like and sine-like yrelative rise time xfast versus slow signal change in period zDisplayed using colour scale

7. Data recording zFor real-time presentation ybest jitter value ylast crest factor value ylast value of relative rise time zFor post-recording processing ymedian value of distribution

8. Real-time display of crest factor Vocal Intensity (dB SPL) Fundamental frequency (Hz) Crest factor

9. Median smoothing of crest factor Vocal Intensity (dB SPL) Fundamental frequency (Hz) Crest factor

10. Most significant changes Description using zIso-crest factor lines zIso-jitter lines zIso-relative rise time lines

11. Iso-crest factor lines 4 dB 6 dB Vocal Intensity (dB SPL) Crest factor Fundamental frequency (Hz)

12. Iso-jitter line Vocal Intensity (dB SPL) Fundamental frequency (Hz) 3 % Jitter (%)

13. Iso-relative rise time line Vocal Intensity (dB SPL) Fundamental frequency (Hz) Relative rise time (%) 6 % 30 20 10 0

14. New representation zAreas defined by iso-parameter lines ycrest factor < 4 dB ycrest factor > 4 dB, < 6 dB ycrest factor > 6 dB yjitter < 3 % yrelative rise time < 6 %

15. Areas in the phonetogram Vocal Intensity (dB SPL) Fundamental frequency (Hz) Jitter > 3%, unstable RRT < 6 % pressed-like Crest factor < 4 dB sine-like

16. Relation to vocal registers zAsk subject to sing in specific register only and determine register-phonetogram zMap these register boundaries on full phonetogram

17. Fundamental frequency (Hz) Vocal registers in the phonetogram Falsetto upper boundary Modal lower boundary Chest voice boundary Vocal Intensity (dB SPL)

18. First observations zHigh modal boundary corresponds with iso-crest factor = 4 dB zUpper falsetto boundary corresponds in part with iso-crest factor = 6 dB zChest voice boundary corresponds with iso-crest factor = 6 dB

19. Conclusions zClose relation between iso-crest factor lines and register boundaries zChest voice may well have a perceptual basis zLow falsetto boundary not related to any of the measures used zSystematic research needed

20. Examples Vocal Intensity (dB SPL) Fundamental frequency (Hz)