1. Why study Diet? Utility for model building? Food provides energy necessary to sustain life and allow for reproduction Main activity of most animals’ lives Major component of natural selection: “obtain food and keep from becoming food”

2. Why study teeth? Utility for model building? Indicate foods consumed Indicate size & behavior Well preserved in the fossil record Growth & development patterns Sexual dimorphism characteristics Non-dietary indicators

3. Tooth Types

4. Human Dentition Tooth Types

5. Roles of the teeth Differential use in heterodont dentition Incisors & canines -- ingestion, get the food into the mouth seizing, stripping, squashing, puncturing Incisors & canines -- ingestion, get the food into the mouth seizing, stripping, squashing, puncturing Premolars & molars -- preparation of food for digestion food is chopped up to increase surface area molars are a series of cutting blades and crushing basin Premolars & molars -- preparation of food for digestion food is chopped up to increase surface area molars are a series of cutting blades and crushing basin

6. Extant vs Extinct Data collection from the living primates

7. Diagnostic features Incisors & canines Features of the skull used to determine dietary category Molars & premolars Cusps & crests Enamel thickness Massiter & temporalis muscles Body size

8. Anterior Dentition Get food in the mouth Grooming Scraping ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Get food in the mouth Grooming Scraping ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Incisors & Canines Large incisors indicate frugivore Small incisors = carnivore or insectivore Large incisors indicate frugivore Small incisors = carnivore or insectivore

9. Incisors

10. Canines

11. Premolars & Molars Posterior Dentition Folivores = low or high Insectivores = tall, pointed Carnivores = tall, pointed Frugivores = low, rounded Omnivore = low, rounded

12. Premolars & Molars

14. Cusps & Crests Molar & premolar morphology cusp crest

15. Enamel thickness Thickness of the hard mineral surface covering the teeth

16. Dental Attrition Enamel wear

17. Muscles of mastication

18. Body size Diet dictates primate body size Body-size tends to correlate w/ dietary regime Body-size tends to correlate w/ dietary regime Folivore = largest Insectivore = smallest Frugivore = medium to large

19. Dietary strategies Folivore - plants Categories of Diet for the Primates Frugivore - fruit Carnivore - meat Insectivore - insects Omnivore - mixed

20. Folivores Consumes plant products; stems, leaves, shoots, roots Low rounded cusps and crests Comparably sized incisors & canines Thin enamel Strong massiter muscles Larger body size Special adaptations -- multi-chamber stomach Requires supplementation -- dirt, feces, etc. Low rounded cusps and crests Comparably sized incisors & canines Thin enamel Strong massiter muscles Larger body size Special adaptations -- multi-chamber stomach Requires supplementation -- dirt, feces, etc.

21. Folivores

22. Consumes plant products; stems, leaves, shoots, roots

23. Frugivores Consumes fruit, seeds, nuts High percentage of fruit; rich carbs, low protein Large incisors Thin enamel Diet needs supplementation, leaves, soil, etc. Larger body size Canine size usually results from dimorphism High percentage of fruit; rich carbs, low protein Large incisors Thin enamel Diet needs supplementation, leaves, soil, etc. Larger body size Canine size usually results from dimorphism

24. Frugivores Consumes fruit, seeds, nuts

25. Frugivores Consumes fruit, seeds, nuts

26. Carnivores Consumes animal protein, requires little supplementation Very high in protein Consumes little else to aide in digestion Plants/grasses Long canines; small incisors Sharp cusps & crests Thin enamel Large temporalis, small massiter Very high in protein Consumes little else to aide in digestion Plants/grasses Long canines; small incisors Sharp cusps & crests Thin enamel Large temporalis, small massiter

27. Carnivores Consumes animal protein, requires little supplementation

28. Insectivores Consumes insects Small sized primates High protein, but in small packets Large canines Sharp cusps & crests Diet needs supplementation Small sized primates High protein, but in small packets Large canines Sharp cusps & crests Diet needs supplementation

29. Insectivores Consumes insects

30. Omnivores Consumes a variety of food resources All teeth of similar size Moderate enamel thickness Low cusps, dull crests Comparably-sized temporalis & massiter Dental reduction Facial reduction All teeth of similar size Moderate enamel thickness Low cusps, dull crests Comparably-sized temporalis & massiter Dental reduction Facial reduction

31. Omnivores Consumes a variety of food resources

34. Quiz Name the Dietary category for each skull