1. The Skeleton
Ch. 7

2. 206 bones in human body
Skeleton is divided into:
Axial skeleton (80) - Skull, Thoracic Cage, and Vertebral Column
Appendicular skeleton (126) - Arms, Legs, Pectoral Girdle, and Pelvic Girdle

3. Shape:
Long bones: limbs
Short bones: carpals and tarsals
- sesamoid short bone that forms in a tendon
Flat bones: cranium, sternum and scapula
- two layers of compact with spongy bone in between (diploe)
Irregular bones: vertebrae

4. Bony landmarks:
Depression: (blood vessels and nerves to pass)
Fissure - narrow, slitlike opening
Foramen - round or oval opening through the bone
Fossa - shallow and may serve as an articular surface
Sulcus/meatus/canal - canal-like passageway
Sinus: cavity within a bone
Groove - furrow

5. Processes: Bony prominences (muscle and ligament attachment)
Tuberosity - large rounded projection; may be roughened.
Crest - narrow ridge of bone
Trochanter - very large, blunt, irregulary shaped process (femur)
Line - narrow ridges of bone; less prominent than crest
Tubercle - small rounded projection
Epicondyle - raised area above a condyle
Spine - sharp, slender, often pointed

6. Processes: form joints
Head - bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet - smooth and nearly flat articular surface
Condyle - rounded articular projection
Ramus - armlike bar of a bone

7. Gross Anatomy of the human skeleton

8. Axial Skeleton

9. 1. Skull    a. Cranial bones       1- frontal             (a) sinus             (b) supra-orbital ridge             (c) supra-orbital foramen        
(d) coronal suture (between frontal and anterior border of parietals) (e) glabella

11.   2- parietal
          (a) sagittal suture: b/w parietals        (b) lambdoid suture: b/w posterior parietals and occipital bone        (c) squamous suture: b/w parietals and squamous of temporal
(d) diploe
3- occipital          (a) occipital condyles          (b) foramen magnum          (c) superior and inferior nuchal lines       (d) external occipital protuberance (EOP)
(e) hypoglossal canal (XII: Hypoglossal)
(f) pharyngeal tubercle
(g) basion
(h) opisthion
(i) clivus
(j) internal occipital protuberance (IOP)

17. 4- temporal (a) external acoustic (auditory)
4- temporal         (a) external acoustic (auditory) meatus         (b) internal acoustic meatus
(VIII: Vestibulocochlear)
         (c) styloid process         (d) petrous portion         (e) jugular foramen (IX:Glossphrayngeal)
(X: Vagus) (XI: Accessory)
      (f) carotid canal                                     (g) foramen lacerum (h) zygomatic process
(i) mastoid process
(j) infratemporal fossa
(k) mandibular fossa
(l) stylomastoid foramen (CN VII: Facial)

18.   5- sphenoid        (a) greater and lesser wings        (b) pterygoid processes
- medial
- lateral
(c) anterior clinoid process        (d) sella turcica
- dorsum sellae
- posterior clinoid process
- hypophyseal fossa         (e) optic canal (CN II: Optic nerve)         (f) superior orbital fissure - CN III, IV, VI
(g) foramen ovale (CN V: Trigeminal)
(i) foramen spinosum
(j) foramen rotundum (CN V: Trigeminal)

19. 6- ethmoid             (a) perpendicular plate             (b) crista galli             (c) cribriform (horizontal) plate CN I (olfactory)
            (d) middle nasal concha
b. Facial bones
1- nasal bones    2- lacrimal bones
(a) lacrimal fossa    3- zygomatic bones             (a) orbital plate        
(b) frontal process   
 (c) temporal process             (d) maxillary process

20. 4- maxilla      (a) alveolar margin      (b) infra-orbital foramen      (c) palatine processes (d) incisive fossa
(e) anterior nasal spine
5- palatine bones
(a) greater palatine foramen
(b) choanae (posterior nares)

21. 6- mandible     (a) ramus     (b) condyle     (c) angle    (d) body     (e) coronoid process     (f) alveolar margin     (g) mental foramen
(h) mandibular foramen
(i) lingula

23. 7- vomer
8- inferior nasal concha
c. Paranasal sinuses        (1)  frontal        (2)  ethmoid        (3)  sphenoid        (4)  maxillary

27. 2. hyoid bone 
(a) greater horn
(b) lesser horn                    

28. 3. ribs (12 pairs)
1-7: true ribs
8-10: false ribs
11,12: floating ribs
a. head
b. neck
c. tubercle
d. body
e. costal cartilage
4. sternum         a. manubrium         b. jugular notch         c. angle of Louis         d. body         e. xiphoid process         f. clavicular notch

30. Auditory ossicles          (a) Malleus (hammer)          (b) Incus (anvil)          (c) Stapes (stirrup)

31. vertebrae:
     a. (7) cervical - atlas & axis(C1 & C2)          axis with dens (odontoid process)
C3-C5      b. (12) thoracic: T1-T12      c. (5) lumbar: L1-L5
      d. sacrum (5-fused)-Ala      e. coccyx (4-fused)

32. C1: atlas
- anterior arch with tubercle
- posterior arch with tubercle
- lateral mass
- transverse process
- transverse foramen (vertebral artery)

33. C2: axis or epistropheus
- odontoid or dens
- transverse foramen
- transverse ligament (atlas)

35. ADI interval Atlanto dens interval

36. Parts of a typical vertebrae:
a- lamina
b- pedicles
c- centrum (body)
d- spinous process
e- superior and inferior articulating processes
f- vertebral foramen
g- intervertebral foramen h- transverse processes
i- mamillary processes (lumbar)
j- costal facets

39. Lumbar Spine

40. Sacrum: 5 fused
        a. sacral canal      b. sacroiliac joint      c. sacral foramen      d. median sacral crest      e. sacral hiatus      f. sacral promontory      g. apex      h. ala
Coccyx: 4 fused
a. coccygeal cornu

42. Appendicular skeleton

43. B. APPENDICULAR SKELETON      Bones of the pectoral Girdle           1- scapula  (right or left)              a. coracoid process              b. acromion process              c. spine              d. supraspinous fossa              e. infraspinous fossa              f. glenoid fossa (cavity) g. supraglenoid tubercle
             h. subscapular fossa              i. suprascapular notch              j. vertebral (medial) border              k. axillary (lateral) border              l. inferior angle

47. Shoulder dislocation (skateboard injury)

48. 2- Clavicle
a. acromial extremity
b. sternal extremity
c. conoid tubercle

49. Bones of upper extremity: arm and forearm 1- humerus (right or left) a
   Bones of upper extremity: arm and forearm        1- humerus  (right or left)           a. head           b. neck: surgical and anatomical           c. greater and lesser tubercle
           d. intertubercular groove           e. deltoid tuberosity           f. medial and lateral epicondyles           g. trochlea           h. capitulum           i. olecranon fossa           j. coronoid fossa k. radial fossa
l. radial groove

52. 2- radius (right or left)
a. head
         b. neck       c. shaft       d. styloid process       e. ulnar notch
f. radial tuberosity
g. area for lunate and scaphoid bone
3- ulna (right or left)       a. olecranon process       b. trochlear notch       c. radial notch       d. coronoid process       e. head        f. styloid process 
g. area for triquetral bone

55. 4- carpals (8)
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetral
- Pisiform
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
       metacarpals (5)     phalanges (14)                 a. proximal                 b. middle (not on thumb)                 c. distal 

59.  Bones of the pelvic girdle (os coxae)
1- ilium       a. iliac crest       b. anterior superior and inferior iliac spine       c. posterior superior and inferior iliac spine       d. iliac fossa       e.  sacroiliac joint       f. greater sciatic notch

63. 2. ischium a. ischial spine b. lesser sciatic notch c
2. ischium        a. ischial spine        b. lesser sciatic notch        c. ischial tuberosity
d. ramus of ischium
3. pubis        a. pubic rami        b. pubic symphysis
c. pectineal line
d. pubic tubercle        
I) acetabulum (acetabular fossa)
    II) obturator foramen 

64. Bones of thigh and leg 4. femur (right or left) a. head b
Bones of thigh and leg     4. femur  (right or left)          a. head          b. fovea capitis          c. neck          d. greater and lesser trochanter          e. gluteal tuberosity f. calcar
         g. shaft          h. linea aspera          i. epicondyles          j. medial and lateral condyles          k. intercondylar fossa          l. patellar surface m. nutrient foramen

66. 5.  tibia (right or left)       a. tibial condyles       b. intercondylar eminence       c. medial malleolus       d. shaft       e. tibial tuberosity
f. Gerdy’s tubercle
g. fibular notch
6. fibula       a. head       b. shaft       c. lateral malleolus
7. patella 

69. Bones of ankle and foot
8- tarsus (7) tarsal bones      a. calcaneus
- sustentaculum tali
- tuber calcanei
b. talus
c. cuboid
d. navicular
e. medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms
9. metatarsals (5
- tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
10. phalanges (14)            (1) proximal            (2) middle (for four toes)            (3) distal