1. DC Polarography – Dropping Hg electrode (DME)

2. http://www.ceb.cam.ac.uk/data/images/groups/CREST/Teaching/ hydro/fig1.gif First analytically reproducible electrode, quantitiative metal ion and organic analysis

4. Prof. Jaraslov Heyrovsky, Charles Univ., Prague, Czech Republic, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959 for discovery of Polarography Prof. Petr Zuman, Clarkson Univ. Heyrovsky’s PhD student and my advisor, “scientific grandpa” to some of you!

5. Modern 3-electrode potentiostat Voltage follower Output, I vs. E To computer

6. Counter reference working Counter working = I R cell I R u

7. Steady state I-E methods dc polarogrpahy rotating disk voltammetry square wave voltammetry Square wave input

8. Steady state voltammetry methods ILIL

9. Staircase input waveforms are used to approximate linear scans