1. Chapter 9 LEARNING: Principals and Applications

2. Learning: a relevantly permanent change in behavior that results from experience.

3. Not all behaviors are learned the same way:
Dentist
FEAR
Pain
Parents comforts
NEVER BEEN TO THE DENTIST
Reaction of others

4. THREE BASIC TYPES OF LEARNING
Classical Conditioning- response to a stimulus
Operant Conditioning- rewards behavior
Modeling- watching others

5. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Dentist
FEAR
Pain
Dentist
Pain
Child shows FEAR
Parent comforts child
OPERANT CONDITIONING
NEVER BEEN TO THE DENTIST
Dentist
Reaction of others
FEAR
MODELING

6. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
A Learning Proceedure that causes a subject
to learn a response to a stimulus that normally
does not cause that response.

7. Became one of the scientists of note studying
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
IVAN PAVLOV- scientist studying digestion
using dogs as subjects…
Became one of the scientists of note studying
Behaviorism

8. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment

9. Classical Conditioning Components
Neutral Stimulus (NS)- Has nothing to do with a response
before conditioning
Tuning Fork/
Bell
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- Something that will lead to a
predictable response
Food
Unconditioned Response (UCR)- Something that occurs
naturally
Salivation

10. Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment
To During:

11. Before Conditioning
back

12. back

13. During- Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment
To After:

14. The bell starts to become the
Conditioned Stimulus
back

15. The Food remains
an Unconditioned
Stimulus
back

16. back The dog’s salivation is starting to be controlled by
the sound of the bell but not
completely
back

17. After- Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Experiment
Done

18. Conditioned Stimulus
back

19. Unconditioned Stimulus:
Food
Food remains an
Unconditioned Stimulus:
Will always cause a natural
Uncontrolled response
back

20. The dog’s salivation now becomes the Conditioned Response to
the ringing bell.
back

21. After Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- tuning fork/ Bell
Conditioned Response (CR)- Salivation

22. Generalization:
Discrimination: only
Extinction: CR does not happen due to lack of UCS
Spontaneous Recovery: CR returns after Ucs returns for awhile or
= CR
= CR

23. Taste Aversions Becoming ill after eating and never being
Able to eat that food again..just the sight
makes you sick!!!!!

24. Classical Conditioning
Acquisition of behavior
Extinction
Discrimination
Generalization

25. Read case study on page 249 and answer the following
Questions:
Little Albert
#1 Did the results of the experiment support the hypothesis…….
#2 How did Albert’s response become generalized
#3 How were the principles of classical conditioning used to reduce Peter’s fear of rabbits
# 4 Would this work on an adult?

26. Hypothesis
#1 Did the results of the experiment support the hypothesis…….
Most human behaviors and emotional reactions are built up of conditioned responses.

27. How did Albert’s response
become generalized

28. #3 How were the principles of classical conditioning used to reduce Peter’s fear of rabbits?

29. Would this work on an adult?
Do you think this experiement was immoral?

30. OPERANT CONDITIONING Learning from consequences of behavior
Stray dog getting fed in a neighborhood
Paying bills on time- good credit, don’t lose house
Getting attention for misbehaving- individual
doesn’t care what type of attention they get as
long as they get it

31. Cat Flushing the Toilet Video

32. Differences between Classical and Operant Conditioning
Stimulus is provided to condition
behavior
Classical-
Behavior results from reward
or punishment
Operant-

33. Psychologist famous for experiments in
B.F. Skinner
Psychologist famous for experiments in
OPERANT Conditioning

34. Skinner determined that rewards and punishments
Shape behavior

35. lever
Rat
An animal placed inside the box is rewarded with a small bit of food each time it makes the desired response, such as pressing a lever or pecking a key. A device outside the box records the animal's responses.

36. Journal Entry #4
Describe a time in your life when you learned how to do something. Describe the process that you went through to learn. After you describe the learning event determine which type of learning it was: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, or a combination of the above.

37. Reinforcement A stimulus or event that follows a behavior that either
reinforces or discourages a behavior
Important factor in operant conditioning is
timing and frequency of reinforcement
Partial schedule- when positive reinforcement occurs immediately but not every time
Skinner learned of the effectiveness of partial reinforcement when the “Skinner Box” broke
it is generally a more stable and longer lasting behavior

38. 4 Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio-
Variable Ratio-
Fixed Interval-.
Variable-Interval-

39. 2. Punishment 1. Reinforcement
Two ways that stimuli can affect our behavior
1. Reinforcement
2. Punishment

40. Reinforcement
Stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will continue
2 types: Positive and Negative

41. Positive Reinforcement:
(Removal)
Positive Reinforcement:
When something the subject wants is rewarded after
the desired response.
Example: Receiving a day off after coming to work
on time without missing for 9 weeks straight

42. Negative Reinforcement:
(Removal)
Negative Reinforcement:
When a painful or unpleasant stimulus is removed
It follows and negates (takes away) something
unpleasant
Example: After successfully completing 15 problems
showing your work you get to finish the next 15 with a
without it.

43. Two Results of Negative Reinforcement
Escape Conditioning:
Persons behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop.
Child hates liver- Mom serves liver- Child gags and has fit- Mom removes liver
Child will react this way every time food is served it doesn’t like
Avoidance Conditioning
Persons behavior has the affect of preventing an unpleasant situation from happening
Stretching the truth to avoid hurting someone’s feelings because you have seen them upset before

44. Aversive Control An unpleasant or (aversive) consequence that follows
an undesirable behavior

46. 2. Punishment Painful or unpleasant stimulus is applied.
Most obvious aversive control method
Punishers include but are not limited to:
Spanking
Yelling
Evil eye
Cold shoulder

47. Disadvantages of Aversive Control
Can produce rage, aggression and fear which can lead to other behavior problem- children who are abused grow up to be abusers…..also abusive to other children
People will learn to avoid the person delivering the aversive stimuli- can cause relationship problems

48. Punishment alone is not an effective way to teach…..
Without positive coaching and modeling of acceptable
behaviors the child may never learn the correct behavior.

49. Shaping- process of reinforcement used to sculpt
Learning Complicated Skills
Shaping- process of reinforcement used to sculpt
behavior
reward each segment of behavior that is
in the direction of the desired behavior

50. Response Chains- Combining responses to
perform a skill:
Each response produces a signal for the next:
Hammering a nail:
Pick up hammer
Pick up nail
Position nail
Hit nail

51. Swimming Response Pattern
when you combine response chains: ex: Swimming- arm chain- kicking chain- breathing chain
Breathing
chain
Arm movement
chain
Kicking
chain
Swimming

52. Factors that affect Learning
Feedback- results from tests or listening to yourself sing
2. Transfer- A skill you have already learned helps
or hinders you in learning a new one
Positive- helps Negative- hurts
3. Practice- Repetition of a task helps reinforce learning
Example: playing a few measures over and over instead of
playing the whole song

53. rewards come with little effort,
Learned Laziness
rewards come with little effort,
person never learns to work- when
it gets hard they don’t give effort
necessary to learn
Report Card
1st-6th grade A+
Report Card
7th-8th grade
C -/D
Report Card
11th grade F

54. 5. Learned Helplessness Negative results no matter how hard
learner tries.
This condition results
when repeated attempts to control a
situation fail, resulting in the belief the
situation is uncontrollable
Person gives up
Can be a source of depression

55. Social Learning The process of learning from observing
and imitating others in ones social
environment

56. Learning by reacting to others--------
Modeling- doing what you see others do
i.e., clapping in church
Observational learning- Imitating (dancing)
Disinhibition- Watching others in a threatening
activity without negative consequence
might make it easier to try later
i.e, going off of the diving board
for the first time

57. Cognitive map: a mental picture
Cognitive Learning:
Learning that focuses on how information
is obtained mentally…..
Cognitive map: a mental picture
which results in
Latent Learning

58. Behavior Modification
Application of learning principles
to change peoples actions and
feelings
Computer-Assisted Instruction
Token Economies
Self Control- self discipline- setting up personal
rewards and punishments-
reading one more page- running 10 more yards,
answering one more question
keeping track of behaviors (weight loss, smoking)

59. Behavioral Experiment Ideas
Project Ideas: Human Behavior
Does smell affect memory?
Does color affect memory?
Do different smells affect blood pressure?
Do different smells affect heart rate?
Does being scared affect blood pressure?
How do different types of food affect memory?
The effects of visual aid on memory.
Which helps memory more: visual or audio information?
Does the color of print affect reading comprehension?
Does music affect concentration?
Does music affect mood?
Does weather affect mood?
Does sleep affect concentration?
Does temperature affect concentration?
Does physical exercise affect learning ability?
Does age affect reaction time?
Does temperature affect reaction time?
Is reaction time quicker in response to sight or touch?
Can people distinguishing low-fat foods from fatty foods?
Can males or females determine the direction of sound better?
Does laughter affect mood?
Does laughter affect blood pressure?
Does lying affect blood pressure?
Is yawning contagious?
Does age affect the average volume at which people listen to music?