1. Learning

2. Learning…
Learning: relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience
18-1 Learning Examples

3. Classical Conditioning
Type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to gain a response
Stimulus: anything in the environment that one can respond to
Response: any behavior or action

4. Classical Conditioning Video
One stimulus begins to produce the same response as another stimulus because the learner has developed an association between the two

5. Components of Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): the UCS is a stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically, just as scalding water makes someone jump away
Hot shower water is a UCS for jumping away. Classical conditioning cannot happen without a UCS. The only behaviors and emotions that can be classically conditioned are those that are reliably produced by a UCS

6. Components of Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Response(UCR): the unconditioned response is the automatic response to the UCS. If hot water is the UCS, jumping away is the UCR. This relationship is reflexive, not learned.
Jumping from hot water

7. Components of Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gains the power to cause a (conditioned) response.
The word flush provokes a neutral response, before conditioning. It is a neutral stimulus before learning

8. Components of Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR): The CR is the response to the CS (conditioned stimulus). It is the same behavior that is identified as the UCR (unconditioned response)
Jumping away

9. Pavlov’s Dogs

10. For each: identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR
Your romantic partner always uses the same shampoo. Soon, the smell of that shampoo makes you feel happy.
The door to your house squeaks loudly when you open it. Soon, your dog begins wagging its tail when the door squeaks.
The nurse says “Now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next time you hear “This won’t hurt” you cringe in fear.
You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous.

11. While George was having a cavity filled by his dentist, the drill hit a nerve that had not been dulled by anesthetic, a couple of times.  Each time he cringed in pain.  George now gets anxious each time he sees the dentist.
Every time a psychology instructor enters the classroom, she goes straight to the board to write an outline on it.  Unfortunately, she has long finger nails and each time she writes the outline, her nails screech on the board, making students cringe.  After a few weeks of this, students cringe at the sight of the teacher entering the classroom.

12. Make up your own examples! How would you experiment to prove learning?
You need:
UCS
UCR CS CR
*Can anybody think of some we could test in
the classroom?

13. Acquisition Process of developing a learned response
When a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a UCS
Each pairing is called a trial
Pavlov repeatedly paired the meat powder with the tuning fork

14. Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
Not like what happened to the dinosaurs
Diminishing of a learned response
Responses tend to linger
Spontaneous recovery: return of an extinguished classically conditioned response after a rest period
Weaker than the original one

16. Generalization and Discrimination
Generalization: producing the same response to two similar stimuli
Pavlov used a different tuning fork with his dogs.
Discrimination: producing different responses to two stimuli
A child being able to discriminate between different animals

17. John Watson
Behaviorism: view that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes
Phobias can be explained by the principles of classical conditioning
Little Albert

18. Association Principle
Human Taste Aversions
Food examples
Soup
cookie
9 point scale
1=dislike
5=neutral
9= really like

19. Taste Aversion John Garcia
Can use nausea producing drugs as a UCS to condition an aversion to a particular taste
Taste aversion: learning to avoid a food that makes you sick. The signal or CS is the taste of a food. The reflex that follows it is sickness. Organisms quickly learn to associate taste with sickness.
Examples?

20. Operant conditioning
Type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior
Candy bar example

21. Law of Effect
Behaviors with favorable consequences will occur with more frequency and behaviors followed by less favorable consequences will occur with less frequency

22. Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Reinforcement: any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior
Getting money for good grades
Punishment: any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior
Bad behavior- detention

23. What affects our learning more- immediate rewards or delayed rewards?

24. Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcer: strengthen a response by reducing or removing an aversive (unpleasant stimulus)
List of examples

25. Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment
Negative reinforcement strengthens behaviors
If you clean your room, you will no longer have to stay inside
If you do what I want I will remove an aversive stimulus
Punishment weakens behaviors
Because you did not clean your room, you have to stay inside today
Because you did not do what I want, I will supply an aversive stimulus

27. B.F. SKinner
Developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning and devised ways to apply them in the real world
Shaping: reinforcement of behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired one; the operant technique used to establish new behaviors or shape new behaviors