1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology SIXTH EDITION Frederic H. Martini PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii Chapter 19, part 2 Blood

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Determined by the presence or absence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) Antigens A, B and Rh (D) Antibodies in the plasma (agglutinins) Cross-reactions occur when antigens meet antibodies Blood types

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.8 Figure 19.8 Blood Typing and Cross-Reactions

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.9 Figure 19.9 Blood Type Testing

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.10 Figure 19.10 Rh Factors and Pregnancy

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 19-5 The White Blood Cells

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Have nuclei and other organelles Defend the body against pathogens Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells Are capable of amoeboid movement (margination) and positive chemotaxis Some are capable of phagocytosis Leukocytes

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Granular leukocytes Neutrophils – 50 to 70 % total WBC population Eosinophils – phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies Basophils – migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin Types of WBC

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agranular leukocytes Monocytes - become macrophage Lymphocytes – includes T cells, B cells, and NK cells Types of WBC

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.11 Figure 19.11 White Blood Cells

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Indicates a number of disorders Leukemia = inordinate number of leukocytes Differential count

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Granulocytes and monocytes are produced by bone marrow stem cells Divide to create progenitor cells Stem cells may originate in bone marrow and migrate to peripheral tissues Several colony stimulating factors are involved in regulation and control of production WBC Production

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.12 Figure 19.12 The Origins and Differentiation of Formed Elements Animation: The origins and differentiation of blood cells PLAY

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 19-6 Platelets

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Flattened discs Circulate for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes Platelets

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transporting chemicals important to clotting Forming temporary patch in walls of damaged blood vessels Contracting after a clot has formed Platelet functions

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Megakaryocytes release platelets into circulating blood Rate of platelet formation is stimulated by thrombopoietin, thrombocyte-stimulating factor, interleukin-6, and Multi-CSF Platelet production (thrombocytopoiesis)

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings SECTION 19-7 Hemostasis

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis Prevents the loss of blood through vessel walls Three phases – Vascular phase Platelet phase Coagulation phase

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis Vascular phase Local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm) Platelet phase Platelets are activated, aggregate at the site, adhere to the damaged surfaces

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.13 Figure 19.13 The Vascular and Platelet Phases of Hemostasis

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coagulation phase Factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a clot Extrinsic pathway Intrinsic pathway Common pathway Suspended fibrinogen is converted to large insoluble fibrin fibers

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.14a Figure 19.14 The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.14b Figure 19.14 The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clot retraction Final phase of healing Platelets contract and pull the edges of the vessel together

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrinolysis Clot gradually dissolves through action of plasmin Activated form of plasminogen Clotting can be prevented through the use of drugs that depress the clotting response or dissolve existing clots Anticoagulants include heparin, coumadin, aspirin, dicumarol, t- PA, streptokinase, and urokinase

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The components of the cardiovascular system and its major functions. The important components and major functions of the blood. The characteristics and functions of red blood cells. The structure of hemoglobin and its functions. Red blood cell production and maturation.

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings You should now be familiar with: The importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities. The various white blood cells. The structure, function and production of platelets. The reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting.