1. Blood

2. White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells Artery Blood erythrocytes leukocytes thrombocytes

4. Deliver O2 Remove metabolic wastes Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume Protection from blood loss- platelets Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC Transport hormones Function Blood

6. Plasma- 55% Formed elements- 45% Blood Buffy coat- <1%

7. 90% Water 8% Solutes: Proteins Albumin (60 %) Alpha and Beta Globulins Gamma Globulins fibrinogens Gas Electrolytes Blood Plasma Components-55%

8. Organic Nutrients Carbohydrates Amino Acids Lipids Vitamins Hormones Metabolic waste CO2 Urea Blood Plasma Components

9. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Platelets (thrombocytes) Formed Elements of the Blood-45%

10. Erythrocytes

11. Erythrocyte  7.5  m in dia  Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro in red bone marrow  Hematopoiesis- production of RBC  Function- transport respiratory gases  Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains  Lack mitochondria. Why?  1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules  Men- 5 million cells/mm3  Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3  Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

12. Hemoglobin

13. Figure 17.5 Stem cell Hemocytoblast Proerythro- blast Early erythroblast Late erythroblast Normoblast Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus Reticulo- cyte Erythro- cyte Committed cell Developmental pathway

15. Sickle-cell anemia- HbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the b chain in the globin molecule. Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans. Abnormal hemoglobin crystalizes when O2 content of blood is low, causing RBCs to become sickle-shaped. Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial. RBC Diseases

18. Granulocytes Neutrophils- 40-70% Eosinophils- 1-4% Basophils- <1% Agranulocytes Monocytes- 4-8% Lymphocytes- 20-45% Never let monkeys eat bananas 4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3 Types of Leukocytes

19. Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte platelet

20. neutrophil RBC eosinophil monocyte lymphocyte basophil monocyte

21. ID WBC’s

22. Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall Diapedesis

23. Leukopenia Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced L eukemias C ancerous conditions involving WBCs Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved M ononucleosis h ighly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks WBC Diseases

24. Platelets Small fragments of megakaryocytes Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin Blue-staining outer region, purple granules Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet- derived growth factor (PDGF)

26. Figure 17.12 Stem cell Developmental pathway Hemocyto- blast Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte MegakaryocytePlatelets

27. Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding Tissue Damage Platelet Plug Clotting Factors Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3

29. Hemostasis: 4. Coagulation Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation

35. Hemostasis ( + feedback) Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin Clotting Factors thromboplastin Traps RBC & platelets Platelets release thromboplastin

36. Blood Clot Fibrin thread Platelet RBC

37. Disorders of Hemostasis Thromboembolytic disorders: undesirable clot formation Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

38. Thromboembolytic Conditions Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel May block circulation, leading to tissue death Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen Cerebral emboli can cause strokes

39. Type A Type B Type AB Type O Blood Types

40. Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood typeAntigenAntibody A A anti-B B B anti-A A & B AB no anti body Neither A or B Oanti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination) Blood Typing

41. Type A ABO Blood Types Produces anti-B antibodies b b b b b b b b

42. Type B ABO Blood Types Produces anti-A antibodies a a a a a a a a a a

43. ABO Blood Types Produces neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

44. Type O ABO Blood Types Produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b

45. Rh Factor and Pregnancy RH- indicates no protein RH+ indicates protein

47. Rh Factor and Pregnancy Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks

48. Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal donor Rh factor: Rh+ 85% dominant in pop Rh- 15% recessive Blood TypeClumpingAntibody Aantigen Aanti-A serumantibody anti-b Bantigen Banti-B serumantibody anti-a ABantigen A & Banti A & B serum - Oneither A or Bno clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b

49. Figure 17.16 Serum Anti-A RBCs Anti-B Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and B; agglutinates with both sera) Blood being tested Type A (contains agglutinogen A; agglutinates with anti-A) Type B (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with anti-B) Type O (contains no agglutinogens; does not agglutinate with either serum)

50. Blood Type & RhHow Many Have ItFrequency O Rh Positive1 person in 3 37.4% O Rh Negative1 person in 15 6.6% A Rh Positive1 person in 3 35.7% A Rh Negative1 person in 16 6.3% B Rh Positive1 person in 12 8.5% B Rh Negative1 person in 67 1.5% AB Rh Positive1 person in 29 3.4% AB Rh Negative1 person in 167.6%

51. ABO Blood Types PhenotypeGenotype Oi i AI A I A or I A i BI B I B or I B i ABI A I B

52. Type A and Type B cross IAIA IAIA IBIB i IAi IAIB IAi Punnett square