1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 The Expansive Realm of Islam

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Muhammad and His Message Born 570 to merchant family in Mecca Orphaned as a child Marries wealthy widow c. 595, works as merchant Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation Visions c. 610 CE Archangel Gabriel Monotheism Attracts followers to Mecca

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 Conflict at Mecca Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans Economic threat to existing religious industry Denunciation of greed affront to local aristocracy

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 The Hijra Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE  Year 0 in Muslim calendar Organizes followers into communal society (the umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Muhammad’s Return to Mecca Attack on Mecca, 630 Conversion of Mecca to Islam Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques  Ka’aba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca  Approved as pilgrimage site

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 The Ka’aba

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8

9. 9 The Quran Record of revelations received during visions Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632) Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Excerpt from the Quran And they say, “Be Jews or Christians and you shall be guided.” Say thou: “Nay, rather the creed of Abraham, a man of pure faith; he was no idolater.” So you: “We believe in God, and in that which has been sent down on us and sent down on Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac and Jacob, and the Tribes, and that which was given to Moses and Jesus and the Prophets, of their Lord; we make no division between any of them, and to Him we surrender.” And if they believe in the life of that you believe in, then they are truly guided; but if they turn away, then they are clearly in schism; God will suffice you for them; He is the All-hearing, the All-knowing… 10

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 The “Seal of the Prophets” Islam as culmination and correction of Judaism, Christianity Inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 The Five Pillars of Islam No god but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet Daily prayer Fasting during Ramadan Charity Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Muslims at Prayer

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Jihad “struggle”  Against vice  Against ignorance of Islam “holy war”

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 The Caliph No clear to successor to Muhammad identified Abu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 The Expansion of Islam Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sassanid territories Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 The expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 The Shia Disagreements over selection of caliphs Ali passed over for Abu Bakr Served as caliph 656-661 CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia”  Traditionalists: Sunni

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) From Meccan merchant class Capital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracy

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Policy toward Conquered Peoples Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non- Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750  Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Dar al-Islam Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Abbasid Administration Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars (ulama, qadi)

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE) High point of Abbasid dynasty Baghdad center of commerce Great cultural activity

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governers assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Economy of the Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial crops  Trade routes from India to Spain Western diet adapts to wide variety New crops adapted to different growing seasons  Agricultural sciences develop  Cotton, paper industries develop Major cities emerge

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes  ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10 th century Camel caravans Maritime trade

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Banking and Trade Scale of trade causes banks to develop  Sakk (“check”) Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al- Islam promotes trade Joint ventures common

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8 th c. Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty  Formed own caliphate  Tensions, but interrelationship

32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Changing Status of Women Quran improves status of women  Outlawed female infanticide  Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Yet male dominance preserved  Patrilineal descent  Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden  Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice

33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values  Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam  Establishment of madrasas  Importance of the Hajj Sufi missionaries  Asceticism, mysticism  Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians  Wide popularity

34. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Al-Ghazali (1058-1111) Major Sufi thinker from Persia Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead

35. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Cultural influences on Islam Persia  Adminstration and governance  literature India  Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers Greece  Philosophy, esp. Aristotle  Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)