1. Pheromones and Behavior Leslie Vosshall April 19, 2010

2. Mouse alarm-sensing organ Orchids trick hornets into pollinating How this deception harms the insects http://njc.rockefeller.edu/VosshallBN2010.php http://njc.rockefeller.edu/VosshallBN2010.php April 26: Presentations (PDFs tonight) April 19: Lecture (PPT available tonight) Jilda Caccavo Anna Kruyer Theresa Teslovich

3. $75 Tristram Wyatt Pheromones and Animal Behaviour Suggested Reading David Michael Stoddart The Scented Ape : The Biology and Culture of Human Odour $37

4. What is a Pheromone? ”defined chemical signal between members of the same species, eliciting a particular behavior or physiological change...”

5. Semiochemicals: Infochemicals Pheromones (Communcation within species) Both Sender + Receiver benefit Allelochemicals: Between species Kairomones: Receiver Benefits (Sender does not) Synomones: Both Sender + Receiver Benefit Allomones: Sender Benefits (Receiver does not)

6. Broader Definition: Pheromones ”any chemical signal conveying information between members of the same species or different species”

7. What behaviors do we need?

8. Some behaviors governed by pheromones Mate Choice Sexual Maturation Successful Fertilization (Aquatic Animals) Kin Recognition Caste and Reproductive Status (Social Animals) Menstrual Synchrony Maternal-Infant Bonding Infant Suckling—Nipple Recognition Dominance Hierarchy Aggression Territory and Trail Marking Deception (Plant->Animal) Deception (Animal->Animal) Aggregation Intruder Alarm

9. What do you look for in a perfect mate?

10. 1.Same species 2.Opposite sex 3.Sexually mature 4.Still fertile 5.Good social standing 6.Good genes 7.Alive 8.Not a sibling 9.Not a parent 10.Receptive 11.Available

11. Formula for the perfect social signal: 1.Cheap to transmit 2.Cheap to receive 3.Discreet 4.Selective 5.Effective in the dark/barriers 6.Long-range 7.Long-lasting 8.Easy homing/identification

12. VISUAL

13. AUDIO

14. CHEMICAL cockroach sex pheromone Brennan & Keverne, Curr. Biol. 14:R81–R89 (2004)

15. The Problem Nocturnal moths

16. Silkmoth Bombyx mori

18. Marking Behavior-Mara rodent Wyatt Book

19. Marking, Territorial Behavior- Badger Wyatt Book

20. Pheromones-Dominance Hierarchy

21. Alarm Pheromones

22. Marking Behavior-desert ant

23. Trail Marking-leaf cutter ant

24. Dauer pheromones-C.elegans High Density/Limiting Food

25. Mimicry: Pheromones Subverted for Deception Australian orchid D. glyptodon traps male Z.Trilobatus wasps Bolas spiders vs. moths

26. What are the problems? Making chemical signals that convey information and broadcast/distribute them Detecting & discriminating signals among the noise Responding to signals quickly and clearly and making the right decision

27. What are the problems? Making chemical signals that convey information

28. Where do pheromones come from? Urine Sweat Tears Other glands… James Auger MoMA

29. Pheromone-Producing Glands-Insects Wyatt Book

30. Pheromone-Producing Glands-Mammals Wyatt Book

31. Putative evolution of Pheromones Wyatt Book

32. Primer Pheromones Wyatt Book

33. Mate Quality: MHC (mice)

34. Mate Quality: MHC (human)

35. MHC Class I Peptides as Chemosensory Signals in the Vomeronasal Organ Trese Leinders-Zufall et al. Science 306:1033-1037, 2004

36. Sex (Releaser) Pheromones

37. Manduca sexta female pheromone blend

38. Sex Pheromones Wyatt Book

39. Mouse mammary pheromone (THE FIRST VERIFIED MAMMALIAN PHEROMONE) Schaal et al., Nature 424, 68-72, 2003

41. Protein pheromones that promote aggressive behavior in mice Chamero et al., Nature 450:899-902, 2007

45. bombykol bombykal The first chemically isolated pheromone (from 70,000 female silk moths; Butenandt, 1952)

46. Jeong et al., Nature 433:541, 2005. (- )-6R-(3'R, 5'R-dihydroxy-6'S-methyltetrahydro-pyran-2'R-yloxy) heptanoic acid C. elegans dauer pheromone

47. What are the problems? Detecting signals among the noise

48. Ha and Smith, Cell 133:761-763, 2008 Insects use ~70 ionotropic receptors for odors and pheromones

49. Labeled line processing of carbon dioxide in the fly brain Activation=Aversion Jing Wang, Richard Axel

50. bombykol bombykal =come to me =go away

51. Nakagawa et al., Science 2005

52. Smells are detected by ~1000 ORs

53. Mammalian chemosensory neurons use G protein-signaling

55. V1R: expressed with G α i and TRP2 Smaller gene family ~50: putative small molecule ligands

56. V2R: expressed with G α o and TRP2 (and MHC M10) Smaller gene family ~70: putative peptide ligands

57. What are the problems? Responding to signals quickly and clearly

58. Stowers & Logan, Curr Opin Neurobiol (2010)

61. Brennan & Keverne, Curr. Biol. 14:R81–R89 (2004)

62. Male Insect Antennae: Specialized to Detect Female Pheromones

64. In the fly brain, a few glomeruli in the antennal lobe are sexually dimorphic in size Image taken from Kondoh et al. (2003)

65. Datta et al., Nature 452:473-477, 2008 Male and female terminal axonal arbors are different in the fly brain

67. Hype and hyperbole about human pheromones And some data…

68. NO VNO

69. Sequential Sensory Decisions in Sexual Courtship: Correct Species? Correct Gender? Sexually Receptive? Other Quality Control Criteria (usually monitored by Females) Size? Strength? Other indicators of good “gene pool”?

70. PHEROMONES IN HUMANS? Kin recognition-family member vs. partner

71. PHEROMONES IN HUMANS? Kin recognition-partner vs. stranger

72. PHEROMONES IN HUMANS? Kin recognition-mother/child

73. PHEROMONES IN HUMANS? Menstrual synchrony

74. Stern & McClintock Nature 1998 392:177

75. ”Realm, the fragrances with human pheromones. Only Realm adds this extra dimension of human Pleasure. Awaken your sixth sense. Experience REALM. Contains human pheromones.” Realm Men by Realm Pheromone for Men Realm Pheromones Women by Realm Pheromone for Women Active Ingredient: androstenone (pig pheromone)

76. Please contact me if you have any questions about my lecture. Leslie Vosshall leslie@mail.rockefeller.eduleslie@mail.rockefeller.edu April 19, 2010