1. University of Thessaly Department of Planning and Regional Development Graduate Program in European Regional Development Studies Fall Semester, 2009-10 Course: The Geography of European Integration: Economy, Society and Institutions Lecturers: Camhis M., Petrakos G., Kotios A., Bogiazides N.

2. Presentation 7: European Politics Nick Bogiazides

3. European Politics European politics at sub-Union / sub-federal, national level All those separate states Where Do they All Come From, Where Do they All Belong ?

4. European Politics In the advent of the modern era, at the outset of the 17 th century, most European regimes fall within a three-fold typology of states: a) Small principalities run by aristocratic families or bishops (including papal states), some owing, to greater or lesser extent, allegiance to a weak empire, the Holy Roman Empire, whose ruler was elected by the Imperial Diet – assembly of the princes b) City-states – central and northern Italy, north-west continental Europe (Hanseatic League) c) Large absolutist states – France, England and Spain

5. Europe in 1600

6. European Politics The end of the 18 th century sees the emergence of a new typology: a) The ascent of the nation-state (1789 - French Revolution, from ‘King of France’ to ‘King of the French’) b) The rise of the empires – Germany, Austro-Hungary, Russia, but also, intermittently, France and, in a way, Britain

7. Delacroix's Liberty (1830) – liberty as national self-realisation, the subsumption of human emancipation (18 th cent.) into the project of nationhood (19 th cent.)

8. Europe in 1800

9. European Politics The advent of mass industrial society, politically represented through the nation-state, also involves the conceptual and institutional split of political economy into politics and economics, the split of the Pnyka from the Agora. An affliction besetting also the nascent socialist movement (the 7 th Congress of the Second International in Stuttgart, 1907, acknowledging the distinction between a political realm – the concern of the party – and an economic realm – the concern of trade unions).

10. European Politics End of World War One: Fall of the empires, espousal of the principle of national self- determination (including by the early Soviet Union*), generalisation of the institutional form of the nation-state From Augsburg (1555 – Cuius regio, eius religio [whose realm, his religion] to Versailles (1919 – Woodrow Wilson and principle of national self-determination) * (Lenin – ‘[it] would be wrong to interpret the right to self-determination as meaning anything but the right to existence as a separate state’ – versus Rosa Luxemburg – cultural autonomy)

11. How neat they look - spot the tiny tinderbox in the middle, soon to set it all ablaze

12. European Politics Of the 27 European Union states today Constitutional monarchies Belgium 1958 Luxembourg Netherlands Denmark 1973 United Kingdom Spain1986 Sweden1995 Republics France 1958 Germany Italy Ireland1973 1981 Greece Portugal1986 Austria Finland 1995

13. European Politics Of the 27 European Union states today Constitutional monarchies Belgium 1958 Luxembourg Netherlands Denmark 1973 United Kingdom Spain1986 Sweden1995 Republics France 1958 Cyprus 2004 GermanyCzech Republic ItalyEstonia Ireland1973Hungary Greece1981Latvia Portugal1986Lithuania Austria1995Malta FinlandPoland Slovakia Slovenia Bulgaria 2007 Romania

14. European Politics Distinction between presidential republics and prime ministerial republics – between the seat of sovereignty resting (primarily) in Parliament (prime ministerial system) or in the Executive (presidential system)

15. European Politics Of the 27 European Union states today Unitary states BulgariaLithuania CyprusLuxembourg Czech RepublicMalta DenmarkNetherlands EstoniaPortugal FinlandPoland FranceSlovenia GreeceSlovakia HungarySpain ItalySweden IrelandRomania LatviaUnited Kingdom Federal states Austria Belgium Germany

16. European Politics Unitary states Federal states

17. European Politics Switzerland – the Fractal State Belgium – the Dual State

18. European Politics Wherefore European Politics Institutional convergence or divergence? A federation without a nation? Is a citizens' Europe feasible or will state building yet again subsume human emancipation into a new national state construct, with a raison d' état diverging from, or in opposition to, an illusive état de raison?