1. The Ottoman Empire

2. The Ottomans:
Does anyone know the story behind how the croissant pastry got its shape?

3. The Ottomans:
During the Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1638, Viennese bakers discovered Turkish soldiers trying to tunnel beneath the walls. They alerted the defenders of the city, and the attempt was foiled. The siege soon ended.
To celebrate their victory over the Turks, these bakers created pastries in the shape of the Turkish crescent, their national symbol!

4. The Ottomans:
Ottoman Empire founded by Osman I, who ruled from 1280 to 1324.
Osman I was a Ghazi.
Ghazi: Islamic warriors who would conquer lands for plunder, glory, and to spread Islam
Ghazis took control of old Seljuk territories, and expanded into Christian-held lands

5. The Ottomans
Osman I and his Ghazi Warriors

6. Expansion
Under their leader, Mehmet II, the Ottomans besiege and capture Constantinople.
Constantinople is renamed Istanbul, and becomes the new capital of the Ottoman Empire.
This is a serious blow, as well as a threat, to Christian Europe.
Ottomans were the first to use large numbers of muskets and cannons, which gave them military and technological superiority

7. Siege of Constantinople

8. Expansion
The Ottomans then begin to expand eastward into Muslim-controlled territory
Selim the Grim comes to power in 1512 after murdering his father and brothers
Selim was an effective Sultan and General
Sultan: title of Ottoman rulers

9. Expansion
Selim captures Arabia, Palestine, Persia, Syria, and sections of Egypt.
Captures the holy cities of Mecca and Medina
Ottomans now control much of the territory of the original Umayyad and Abbassid Caliphates
Turkish Sultans would later take the title of caliph, giving them religious authority

10. Ottoman Expansion

11. Suleyman the Magnificent
Ottoman Empire reaches its height under Selim’s son, Suleiman.
Suleiman rules for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566

12. Suleyman the Magnificent
His was sometimes called Suleiman the Lawgiver or Suleiman the Magnificent.
Suleiman was also a great general. His armies conquered much of southern Europe (The Balkans) and North Africa
Expansion is finally stopped when he lays siege to Vienna, but fails to capture it.

13. Siege of Vienna: 1525

14. Achievements of Suleiman
Suleiman earns title of Lawgiver because he simplified the laws of the empire.
Promoted science and architecture
His chief architect constructed many beautiful schools, libraries, mosques, and bridges
Ottoman Empire under Suleiman had an efficient civil service

15. Suleiman Mosque

16. Mostar Bridge

17. Civil Service and Social Structure
Devshirme
Practice of taking Christian boys between years of age, forcibly converting them to Islam, and training them for positions in either:
a) military – “Men of the Sword”
b) civil service – “Men of the Pen”

18. Civil Service and Social Structure
Janissaries
Christian slaves captured during warfare who were trained as elite infantry in the Ottoman military
Vizier
High-ranking advisor to the Sultan. Often came from the devshirme system

19. Civil Service and Social Structure
Millets
Provinces of the empire were allowed their own local government.
Non-Muslim communities were loyal to sultan but were ruled by own religious leaders
Included Jews, Armenians, Orthodox Christians

20. Strengths of Ottoman Empire
Control of Trade – controlled old Abbassid trade routes
Wealth – control of trade + taxation of provinces = great wealth
Military superiority – muskets, cannon, elite infantry and cavalry (Janissaries)
Political stability through millet system

21. Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry
Chief rival of the Ottoman Empire was the Safavid Empire, located in present-day Iran
Safavids were Shi’ite Muslims
Fought with the Ottomans for religious reasons, as well as control over Mesopotamia
Safavids tried to topple Ottoman Sultans through palace intrigue

22. Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry

23. Decline of Ottomans
Suleiman killed his oldest son Mustafa, who would have been an able successor
His vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, was also assasinated by Suleiman’s wife
His last son, Selim II, loses key battles to Europeans
Selim allows bureaucracy to become corrupt

24. Decline of Ottomans
During the reign of Selim, the empire begins a slow, steady decline:
Europeans are able to sail around Africa, bypassing old trade routes
Wealth from New World (gold and silver) makes European powers rich
Industrial Revolution never takes place for the Ottomans

25. Rise and Decline of Ottoman Empire