1. Chapter 17 Legal, Ethical, and Social Impacts of EC

2. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 2 Learning Objectives 1.Describe the differences between legal and ethical issues in EC. 2.Understand the difficulties of protecting privacy in EC. 3.Discuss issues of intellectual property rights in EC. 4.Describe unsolicited ad problems and remedies.

3. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 3 Learning Objectives 5.Describe major legal issues in EC. Describe the types of fraud on the Internet and how to protect against them. Describe representative societal issues in EC.

4. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 4 Legal Issues Versus Ethical Issues ethics The branch of philosophy that deals with what is considered to be right and wrong

5. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 5 Legal Issues Versus Ethical Issues The Major Ethical and Legal Issues Discussed in this Chapter –Privacy –Intellectual property rights and online piracy –Unsolicited electronic ads and spamming --Consumer and merchant protection against fraud

6. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 6 Legal Issues Versus Ethical Issues EC Ethical Issues –Non-Work-Related Use of the Internet Employees are tempted to use e-mail and the Web for non-work-related purposes In some companies, this use is tremendously out of proportion with its work-related use The utility of monitoring employee usage can be considered “one of the most controversial EC issues”

7. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 7 Legal Issues Versus Ethical Issues –Codes of Ethics: Useful guidelines for a corporate Web policy: Issue written policy guidelines about employee use of the Internet Make it clear to employees that they cannot use copyrighted trademarked material without permission Post disclaimers concerning content, such as sample code, that the company does not support Post disclaimers of responsibility concerning content of online forums and chat sessions

8. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 8 Legal Issues Versus Ethical Issues Codes of Ethics: Useful guidelines for a corporate Web policy: –Make sure that Web content and activity comply with the laws in other countries –Make sure that the company’s Web content policy is consistent with other company policies –Appoint someone to monitor Internet legal and liability issues. –Have attorneys review Web content to make sure that there is nothing unethical, or illegal, on the company’s Web site

9. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 9 Privacy privacy The right to be left alone and the right to be free of unreasonable personal intrusions Collecting Information about Individuals –Web Site Registration –Cookies –Spyware and Similar Methods –RFID’s Threat to Privacy –Privacy of Employees –Privacy of Patients

10. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 10 Protection of Privacy –Notice/awareness –Choice/consent opt-out clause Agreement that requires computer users to take specific steps to prevent the collection of personal information opt-in clause Agreement that requires computer users to take specific steps to allow the collection of personal information

11. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 11 Privacy Protection of Privacy –Access/participation –Integrity/security –Enforcement/redress

12. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 12 Privacy The USA Patriot Act –E-mail and Internet searches –Nationwide roving wiretaps –Requirement that ISPs hand over more user information –Expanded scope of surveillance based on new definitions of terrorism –Government spying on suspected computer trespassers with no need for court order –Wiretaps for suspected violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

13. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 13 Privacy The USA Patriot Act –Dramatic increases in the scope and penalties of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act –General expansion of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) authority –Increased information sharing between domestic law enforcement and intelligence –FISA detours around federal domestic surveillance limitations; domestic surveillance detours around FISA limitations

14. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 14 Privacy Privacy Protection in Other Countries –In 1998, the European Union passed a privacy directive (EU Data Protection Directive) reaffirming the principles of personal data protection in the Internet age –The directive aims to regulate the activities of any person or company that controls the collection, storage, processing, or use of personal data on the Internet

15. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 15 Intellectual Property Rights intellectual property Creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs, used in commerce

16. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 16 Intellectual Property Rights copyright An exclusive grant from the government that allows the owner to reproduce a work, in whole or in part, and to distribute, perform, or display it to the public in any form or manner, including over Internet Literary works Musical works Dramatic works Artistic works Sound recordings, films, broadcasts, cable programs

17. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 17 Intellectual Property Rights Copyrights –Piracy of Software, Music, and Other Digitizable Material –Copyright Protection Approaches digital watermarks Unique identifiers embedded in digital content that make it possible to identify pirated works –Digital Rights Management

18. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 18 Intellectual Property Rights trademark A symbol used by businesses to identify their goods and services; government registration of the trademark confers exclusive legal right to its use –Domain Name Disputes and Resolutions cybersquatting The practice of registering domain names in order to sell them later at a higher price

19. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 19 Intellectual Property Rights patent A document that grants the holder exclusive rights to an invention for a fixed number of years Fan and Hate Sites cyberbashing The registration of a domain name that criticizes an organization or person

20. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 20 Unsolicited Electronic Ads: Problems and Solutions E-Mail Spamming unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE) The use of e-mail to send unwanted ads or correspondence –What Drives UCE? Many spammers are just trying to get people’s financial information

21. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 21 Unsolicited Electronic Ads: Problems and Solutions –Why It Is Difficult to Control Spamming Spammers send millions of e-mails, shifting Internet accounts to avoid detection Spammers use different methods to find their victims –Solutions to Spamming Junk-mail filters Automatic junk-mail deleters Blocking certain URLs and e-mail addresses

22. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 22 Exhibit 17.1 How Spam Blockers Work

23. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 23 Unsolicited Electronic Ads: Problems and Solutions E-Mail Spamming –Anti-spam Legislation Do-not-spam lists Protecting employees

24. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 24 Unsolicited Electronic Ads: Problems and Solutions Protecting against Pop-Up Ads –Pop-Up stoppers Concluding Remarks –The spam situation has not yet been resolved. However, it seems that both e-mail spamming and pop-ups are not increasing, and they may even be declining

25. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 25 EC Fraud and Consumer and Seller Protection Fraud on the Internet –Online Auction Fraud –Internet Stock Fraud –Other Financial Fraud

26. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 26 EC Fraud and Consumer and Seller Protection Fraud on the Internet –Identity Theft and Phishing identity theft A criminal act in which someone presents himself (herself) as another person and uses that person’s social security number, bank account numbers, and so on, to obtain loans, purchase items, make obligations, sell stocks, etc.

27. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 27 EC Fraud and Consumer and Seller Protection Consumer Protection –Third-Party Assurance Services TRUSTe’s “Trustmark” Better Business Bureau WHICHonline Web Trust Seal and Others Online Privacy Alliance Evaluation by Consumers –Authentication and Biometric Controls

28. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 28 EC Fraud and Consumer and Seller Protection Seller Protection –Customers who deny that they placed an order –Customers who download copyrighted software and/or knowledge and sell it to others –Customers who give false payment (credit card or bad checks) information in payment for products and services provided –Use of their name by others –Use of their unique words and phrases, names, and slogans and their Web addresses by others

29. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 29 EC Fraud and Consumer and Seller Protection What can Sellers Do? –Use intelligent software to identify possibly questionable customers –Identify warning signals for possibly fraudulent transactions –Ask customers whose billing address is different from the shipping address to call their bank and have the alternate address added to their bank account

30. Electronic CommercePrentice Hall © 2006 30 Societal Issues digital divide The gap between those who have and those who do not have the ability to access electronic technology in general, and the Internet and EC in particular Other Societal Issues –Education –Public safety, criminal justice, and homeland security –Health aspects