1. Time Resolved FT-IR Analysis of Combustion of Ethanol, E85, and Gasoline in an Internal Combustion Engine Allen R. White, Stephen Sakai Department of Mechanical Engineering Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dr. Rebecca B. DeVasher Department of Chemistry Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Advanced Combustion Laboratory

2. Why Look at Combustion with an FT-IR? Combustion process is still largely unknown Examine progression of chemical species during combustion Possibility of increasing combustion efficiency and reducing harmful emissions Show engineering students the utility of spectroscopy and physical chemistry Advanced Combustion Laboratory

3. Why Look at Combustion with an FT-IR? Advanced Combustion Laboratory

4. Megatech Mk III Visible IC Engine Advanced Combustion Laboratory Figure 8: Megatech Mk III Visible Engine Modified with Sapphire Combustion Chamber Visible Spark Ignition Four-Cycle Internal Combustion Engine Fitted with Sapphire Combustion Chamber Ethanol/E85/Gasoline Fueled

5. Experimental Setup Advanced Combustion Laboratory Figure 8: Megatech Mk III Visible Engine Modified with Sapphire Combustion Chamber Bruker Vertex 70 Acoustic barrier Combustion chamber

6. Initial Infrared Step-Scan Data Advanced Combustion Laboratory 15 sample average 16 cm -1 Resolution TimeWavenumber Amplitude t=0 at ignition

7. Infrared Spectroscopy Interest for Automotive Purposes Advanced Combustion Laboratory 1942 Packard Ganske, Jane A. The Chemical Educator, Vol. 8 No.6 (2003)

8. Second Iteration of Sapphire Chamber Advanced Combustion Laboratory Figure 8: Megatech Mk III Visible Engine Modified with Sapphire Combustion Chamber

9. Advanced Combustion Laboratory Comparison of Old and New Data Combustion Path Optical Path Top Side Top Side Old Chamber New Chamber

10. Advanced Combustion Laboratory Initial Data with New Engine Configuration 15 sample average 16 cm -1 Resolution

11. Advanced Combustion Laboratory Comparison of Old and New Data 15 sample average

12. Advanced Combustion Laboratory Sample Data with New Engine Configuration 15 sample average 16 cm -1 Resolution

13. Advanced Combustion Laboratory Sample Data with New Engine Configuration 15 sample average 16 cm -1 Resolution

14. Advanced Combustion Laboratory New Engine Data with significant averaging (390 samples) 16 cm -1 Resolution

15. Advanced Combustion Laboratory E85 New Engine Data with Averaging (30 samples)

16. Advanced Combustion Laboratory Gasoline New Engine Data with Averaging (15 samples)

17. Advanced Combustion Laboratory Gasoline: Cylinder Deposits! (E85 similar)

18. Advanced Combustion Laboratory Comparison of CO 2 peaks: Time Amplitude 2242 cm -1

19. Conclusions Advanced Combustion Laboratory Low signal to noise ratio due to: Combustion variability Combustion mixture variation Step-scan mirror location error due to vibrations from combustion Line-of-sight averaging

20. Future Work Advanced Combustion Laboratory SPIE Fall 2010:

21. Future Work Advanced Combustion Laboratory

22. Acknowledgements Stephen Sakai Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Lilly Foundation Faculty Success Grant Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dean’s Equipment Investment Fund Advanced Combustion Laboratory

24. Areas of Interest Advanced Combustion Laboratory Gasoline Combustion Spectra from 1942 Packard

25. Areas of Interest Advanced Combustion Laboratory High Resolution Scan of Ethanol – 200 Scans @ 1 cm -1 Resolution

26. Advanced Combustion Laboratory t = 0 t = 5ms Progression of Chemical Species

27. Advanced Combustion Laboratory t = 10ms t = 15ms Progression of Chemical Species

28. Advanced Combustion Laboratory t = 20ms t = 25ms Progression of Chemical Species