1. The Art of Fire Building !

2. Fire and Human History “The most important force in human history.” Earliest Evidence of Controlled Use: – Lower Paleolithic (790,000 Y.A.) – Israel – China/Israel (400,000 Y.A.) Greek – One of the 4 basic elements (Earth, Air, Water) – Prometheus

3. Native American saying – FIRE HAS THREE POWERS: 1. Warmth 2. Companionship 3. Power to ward off bad spirits: - Animals, Purify Water, etc. - Black char coal curies diarrhea - White ashes help control constipation

4. But What Exactly is Fire? Defined: A rapid, persistent chemical change that releases heat and light and is accompanied by flame, especially the exothermic oxidation of a combustible substance. Combustion Reaction –

5. Fun Fire Fact! On Earth, gravity determines how the flame burns. All the hot gases in the flame are much hotter (and less dense) than the surrounding air, so they move upward toward lower pressure. This is why fire typically spreads upward, and it's also why flames are always "pointed" at the top. If you were to light a fire in a microgravity environment, say onboard the space shuttle, it would form a sphere!

6. Fire Tetrahedron

7. REQUIREMENTS FOR A CAMP FIRE: 1. Oxygen 2. Fire source (The spark) 3. Tinder (Catches the spark) 4. Kindling 5. Fuel

8. FIRE SOURCES: HOW TO GET A SPARK 1. Matches (dip in wax) (three different sources / dry) 2. Butane lighter 3. Magnesium Fire Starter (AKA Metal Match) 4. Lenses - Camera, Glasses, Magnifying glass 5. Battery from a car, boat, airplane 6. Steel wool and a flashlight battery 7. Flint and steel 8. Bow and drill 9. Fire Plow

10. TINDER: SOMETHING TO CATCH THE SPARK - Birch Bark- the best but not from live trees. - Shredded inner bark- Dry Grass - Seed Down- Dried Pine needles - Dried Moss- Steel Wool - Charred Cloth- Cotton - Wax Paper- Birds nest - Fuzz Stick- Dryer lint

11. KINDLING: NO BIGGER THAN YOUR FINGER - Small twigs - Small wood splints - Heavy cardboard

12. FUEL: LARGE BRANCHES: THE SIZE OF YOUR FINGER TO THE SIZE OF YOUR ARM. - Large branches - Grass twisted together - Peat (can be found on the undercuts of river banks). - Hardwood: = Oak, Maple, and Basswood. Long lasting, good coals - Softwood: = Pine, Poplar. Burns quick

13. RULES! Always collect the tinder, kindling and fuel BEFORE you start the spark!!! Always start a fire small and build up.

14. WHERE TO BUILD A FIRE: - Opening, away from overhangs, ice, snow - Away from other flammables. - On bare soil, free of grass and roots (Fire can follow roots up the tree). - Away from wet rocks. (They can explode). - Not on mineral soil, rocks, (FIRE SCAR) (Pick out trash when finished)

15. Types of fires: 1. Teepee: Produces high flames. Good for one pot cooking & reflector oven. 2. Log Cabin: Produces good bed of coal for cooking. Teepee in middle with log cabin around it. Gradually lay logs toward center. 3. Crisscross: Produces large, deep bed of coals for cooking. Like a log cabin, but logs are crisscrossed throughout.