1. THE ROLE OF RETROFIT TECHNOLOGY IN REDUCING VEHICLE EMISSIONS MAY 2014 Dr RICHARD O’SULLIVAN COMMERCIAL DIRECTOR

2. Confidential 1 OUTLINE Introduction Technical options for retrofit Particulate filters SCR systems for control of NOx Combined PM and NOx reduction Concluding remarks

3. Confidential 2 Johnson Matthey is a FTSE 100 global speciality chemicals company Has provided catalyst aftertreatment to around one third of the cars meeting modern emissions standards, and to around two thirds of commercial vehicles Has been involved with retrofitting vehicles in our cities for last 25 years after invention of the CRT ® technology Close partnership in Europe with Eminox DPF successfully retrofitted to diesel vehicles for many years 200,000 retrofit CRT ® systems SCR widely used to meet legislated limits on new vehicles but only available for commercial retrofit for last 5 years 2,200 JM/Eminox SCR systems Most in combination with CRT ® technology – SCRT ® system INTRODUCTION

4. Confidential 3 Retrofit is modifying an existing vehicle after it has entered into service Can be used to upgrade older vehicle fleet to give improved emissions performance More cost effective than replacing fleet with new vehicles Some vehicles are more suitable than others for retrofit in cities Heavy duty vehicles good because have higher exhaust temperatures in congested urban environment Buses can spend long periods of time operating in cities Relatively high emitting vehicles Bus lifetime approx. 75% longer than truck INTRODUCTION - RETROFIT OPTIONS

5. Confidential 4 DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER (DPF) TECHNOLOGY

6. Confidential 5 If soot is not removed from the DPF regularly: Pressure can build up in the exhaust system which is bad for fuel consumption and can damage the engine Under certain conditions the soot can ignite and lead to very high temperatures that can damage the filter Two methods of removing soot (regeneration): Active regeneration: Used on new vehicles and is best achieved with injection timing/engine control Difficult/complex/expensive to retrofit Passive regeneration: Needs to operate at above minimum exhaust temperatures CRT ® system is most common example DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER (DPF) REGENERATION

7. Confidential 6 Platinum based catalyst before filter generates NO 2 from NO NO 2 reacts with carbon on filter at normal exhaust temps Soot is continually removed from filter during normal vehicle operation Has wider/more successful application than any other passive device Increases level of tailpipe NO 2 HOW A CRT ® SYSTEM WORKS

8. Confidential 7 A typical heavy duty engine produces NOx that contains 5% to 10% NO 2 A CRT ® system that’s working properly will increase average NO 2 levels at the tailpipe Can lead to higher levels of NO 2 at street level Difficult to design out of simple CRT ® system because needs to be reliable under worst case conditions High mileage catalyst Variable fuel quality Low exhaust temperature cycles Best way to reduce NO 2 is to decrease total NOx emitted THE CRT ® SYSTEM – NO 2 ISSUES

9. Confidential 8 SCR SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF NOx

10. Confidential 9 SCR SYSTEM – DELIVERY OF UREA DPF Urea Tank Wiring Loom

11. Confidential 10 SCR OFTEN COMBINED WITH CRT ® FILTER TO GIVE SCRT ® SYSTEM Gives Control of PM, NOx, HC and CO

12. Confidential 11 SCR systems potentially convert high levels of exhaust NOx to nitrogen Secondary emissions are an issue Ammonia (NH 3 ) from over injection of urea Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) from pre-SCR CRT ® system Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) from too much NO 2 or NH 3 in system Are minimised by catalyst selection, system design and control of urea injection CONTROL OF SECONDARY EMISSIONS FROM SCRT ® SYSTEM TfL Criteria For SCRT ® Retrofit Systems in London

13. Confidential 12 Meets TfL requirements on range of bus models 650 systems fitted in London 2,200 systems working successfully in UK, Belgium, Sweden, Spain……… EXAMPLE OF JM EMINOX RETROFIT SCRT ® SYSTEM

14. Confidential 13 COMPARISON OF RETROFIT SCRT ® SYSTEM OVER MLTB CYCLE EU III with retrofit SCRT ® system gives similar emissions to EU VI over urban bus cycle and much better than EU V

15. Confidential 14 Retrofit DOC + Filter + SCR = SCRT ® system developed for application to a range of EU III buses This is same configuration of aftertreatment as on EU VI vehicles This system has been optimised for buses operating in an urban environment and can take EU III bus to EU VI emissions level Important secondary emissions are also controlled in TfL approved systems This is a cost efficient way of improving fleet emissions TfL model can be used elsewhere in UK as part of PM 10 and NO 2 reduction strategy CONCLUDING REMARKS