1. Ecosystems and Living Organisms Chapter 4

2. Evolution Genetic changes in a population through time. Occurs through natural selection Overproduction Variation Struggle for existence Differential reproductive success

3. Evolution Darwin’s Finches - adaptations

4. Evolution Kingdoms of Life

5. Biological Communities Rotting Log Community

6. Biological Communities Succession: How Communities Change over Time Primary succession – virgin areas Lichens Mosses Rocks

7. Biological Communities Succession: How Communities Change over Time Primary succession – Rocks Lichens Mosses GrassesShrubs

8. Biological Communities Succession: How Communities Change over Time Primary succession – Rocks Lichens Mosses GrassesShrubsTrees

9. Biological Communities Secondary Succession – disturbed areas

10. Species Richness Number of different species in a community

11. Species Richness ForestGrassland ECOTONE Where edge effect occurs Typically greater species richness

12. Interactions Among Organisms Symbiosis – one species living in or on another species results from coevolution

13. Interactions Among Organisms Symbiosis – Three types 1) Mutualism – both benefit Without mycorrhizae With mycorrhizae

14. Interactions Among Organisms Symbiosis – Three types 2) Commensalism – one benefits, other not affected Epiphytes

15. Interactions Among Organisms Symbiosis – Three types 3) Parasitism – one benefits, one harmed Tracheal mites

16. Interactions Among Organisms Predation – predators consuming prey Most common method: Pursuit and Ambush

17. Interactions Among Organisms Animals that consume plants = herbivores Animals that consume animals = carnivores (can be further subdivided based on prey type, such as an insectivore)

18. Interactions Among Organisms Defenses against predators: Plant defenses – spines, thorns leathery leaves toxic chemicals

19. Interactions Among Organisms Defenses against predators: Animal defenses – armor, spines toxic chemicals

20. Interactions Among Organisms Defenses against predators: Animal defenses – armor, spines toxic chemicals camouflage

21. Interactions Among Organisms Competition – individuals attempting to utilize common resources Intraspecific competition Interspecific competition

22. The Ecological Niche An organism’s adaptations, use of resources, lifestyle, and habitat. Fundamental vs. Realized Niche Example: Tale of Two Anoles Green AnoleBrown Anole

23. The Ecological Niche Fundamental vs. Realized Niche Fundamental Niche of Green Anole Fundamental Niche of Brown Anole Overlap Brown anole out-competes green anole, therefore...

24. The Ecological Niche Fundamental vs. Realized Niche Realized Niche of Green Anole Overlap Realized Niche of Brown Anole

25. The Ecological Niche Limiting Resources

26. The Ecological Niche Competitive Exclusion: one species = one niche

27. The Ecological Niche Competitive Exclusion

28. The Ecological Niche Competitive Exclusion

29. The Ecological Niche Resource partitioning

30. Keystone Species Single species that strongly influences an entire community. Example: figs - frugivores depend upon fruit - usually avoid figs, but during certain times of the year, figs are only species bearing fruit - if figs were eliminated, many frugivores would die out

31. Species Richness Species Richness and Ecosystem Services Ecosystem Ecosystem services Forests, Grasslands Purify air / water Produce / maintain soil Absorb CO 2 Wildlife habitat Freshwater systems Moderate water flow Mitigate flooding Dilute / remove pollutants Drinking water Recreation

32. Species Richness Species Richness and Community Stability Greater the richness = Greater the stability