1. A U R A Satellite Mission T E S http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/106949main_aura_sc_blkbg-lg.jpg

2. What is TES? Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer Measures simultaneous concentration of gasses in the atmosphere ◦ Ozone ◦ Carbon Monoxide ◦ Water Vapor http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/images/home_WhatIsTESContent_th276.jpg

3. Orbit and Coverage Sun Synchronous Orbit 438 miles above earth’s surface Inclination of 98.21 degrees Nadir Pointing and Limb Pointing http://www.heavens-above.com/orbitdisplay.asp?lat=0&lng=0&alt=0&loc=Unspecified&TZ=CET&satid=28376

4. TES Measurements Measure infrared radiances ◦ Surface Temperature Vertically resolved measure of atmospheric gasses ◦ Ozone ◦ Carbon Monoxide ◦ Water Vapor ◦ Nitric Acid Special Observations ◦ Air Pollution

5. TES Functionality Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) ◦ Infrared emissions from gasses ◦ Everything above absolute zero emits infrared energy at a certain wavelength Makes a scan every 4 or 16 seconds Spectral Resolution of 0.1cm-1 to.025cm-1 ◦ Used to pinpoint wavelengths ◦ Infrared absorption lines Determines altitude of substance in atmosphere

6. TES Functionality http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/uploadedfiles/instrument_geometries.gif

7. TES Data http://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/images/content/159454main_tes-20060925-browse.jpg

8. Special Observations Scheduled only during 9 or 10 orbit gaps Conducted in 3 modes ◦ Stare ◦ Transect ◦ Step-&-Stare Depends on requirements

9. 3 Special Observation Modes Stare ◦ Volcano monitoring ◦ Biomass Burning ◦ Industrial Accidents Nadir Mode Points to a target region of interest ◦ Up to 4 minutes Has to be in ±45 degrees in nadir direction

10. 3 Special Observation Modes http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/visualization/SCIENCE_PLOTS/R11/PNG_Files/run10269/run_10269_curtain_ret_O3.png

11. 3 Special Observation Modes Transect ◦ Regional Pollution studies Nadir Mode Point at a set of contiguous areas ◦ Covers up to 850 km http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/images/transect_mode.gif

12. 3 Special Observation Modes Step-&-Stare Nadir mode ◦ Points in nadir for 4 seconds ◦ Moves 39 km in orbit ◦ Point again, move 35 km

13. Step-&-Stare http://www.sjaa.net/eph/0812/tes_o3-co-transects.jpg

14. Applications of TES Determine atmospheric temperature and humidity profile Local Surface Temperature Local Surface reflectance and admittance

15. Calibration Sensitivity Changes from time to time ◦ Use average kernel for calibration ◦ Degrees of Freedom

16. A U R A Satellite Mission O M I

17. What is OMI? Ozone Monitoring Instrument http://www.dutchspace.nl/uploadedImages/Products_and_Services/Instruments/OMI/OMI_OPTICAL_BENCH_DM.JPG

18. OMI Parameters

19. OMI Heritage OMI ESA Predecessors ◦ GOME ◦ SCIAMACHY Introduced concept of measuring in full spectrum UV/VIS/near-IR wavelength with high spectral resolution ◦ Allows retrieval of several trace gasses from same measurement http://envisat.esa.int/instruments/tour-index/hardware_img/x_Fmint01.jpg http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/doas/images/gome2/gome-2_instrument.png

20. OMI Heritage American predecessor of OMI ◦ NASA’s TOMS ◦ Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer Used only 8 wavelength bands ◦ Obtained ozone column Had very small ground pixel size ◦ 50 km x 50 km ◦ Combo with daily global coverage http://suzaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GLI2/adeos/Project/Toms.html

21. OMI Advantage Combines advantages of GOME SCIAMACHY and TOMS Measures complete spectrum of UV/VIS/IR wavelengths Range of high resolution ◦ 13 km x 24 km and daily global coverage

22. OMI Functionality Nadir viewing imagery spectrometer Uses hyperspectral viewing ◦ Push broom like mode ◦ Observes solar backscatter from atmosphere and surface Uses wavelengths 270-500nm 114 degree viewing angle ◦ Allows 2600 km swath (Global Coverage) Daily Global Average

23. OMI Functionality Global mode ◦ Pixel size of 13 km x 24 km Zoom Mode ◦ Spatial resolution reduced ◦ 13 km x 12 km Enables OMI to look between clouds Good for receiving tropospheric information Does not allow for global coverage

24. OMI Data Products http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcanoes/region08/ivm_arc/anatahan/3004ana1.jpg

25. OMI Data Products http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/

26. OMI Data Products www.knmi.nl/~veefkind/images.html

27. References NASA,. (2009). Ozone monitoring instrument. Retrieved from NASA,. (2009). Omi: ozone monitoring instrument. Retrieved from http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aura/spacecraft/omi.html KNMI,. (2008, December 16). Omi instrument summary. Retrieved from http://www.knmi.nl/omi/research/instrument/index.php http://www.knmi.nl/omi/research/instrument/index.php Jet Propulsion Laboratory,. (2009). Tropospheric emission spectrometer: orbit and coverage. Retrieved from http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/instrument/orbitcoverage/ http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/instrument/orbitcoverage/ Jet Propulsion Laboratory,. (2009). Tropospheric emission spectrometer: orbit and coverage. Retrieved from http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/instrument/specialobservations/ http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/instrument/specialobservations/ NASA,. (2009). What is Tes?. Retrieved from http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/whatistes/ http://tes.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/whatistes/ NASA,. (2009). Nasa instruments. Retrieved from http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments/tes.html http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments/tes.html NASA, (2009) Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. Ozone Processing Team. Retreived from http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/