1. Memory Chapter 3

2. Slide 2 of 14Chapter 1 Objectives  Explain the types of memory  Explain the types of RAM  Explain the working of the RAM  List the different memory packages  Install the memory module  Upgrade the memory module  Troubleshoot the memory problems

3. Slide 3 of 14Chapter 1 Types of Memory - I  Memory is categorized into Volatile and Non- volatile Memory  Volatile Memory – Stores data temporarily  Non -Volatile Memory – Stores data permanently

4. Slide 4 of 14Chapter 1 Types of Memory - II  Physical Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM) Hybrid  Logical Memory  Virtual Memory  Flash Memory  Cache Memory

5. Slide 5 of 14Chapter 1 Types of RAM - I  Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) – Stores the data as long as the power is supplied to the system  Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) – Stores the data for few milliseconds

6. Slide 6 of 14Chapter 1 Types Of DRAM  Extended Data-Out DRAM (EDO DRAM) – Fetches the data from the next cell before the previous process completes  Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM) – Synchronizes the memory speed with the CPU clock speed

7. Slide 7 of 14Chapter 1 Types Of DRAM  Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) – Sends data very frequently on the data bus and reads data on every rise and fall of the clock cycle  DDR-SDRAM – It is almost twice the speed of the SDRAM  Video Random Access Memory (VRAM) – Stores the images that are to be displayed on the computer screen  Synchronous Graphics RAM (SGRAM) – Speeds up memory access for graphics functions

8. Slide 8 of 14Chapter 1 Working of RAM  Stores the data until the processor is executing the current data  Once the processor finishes the current execution, RAM forwards the next data to the processor

9. Slide 9 of 14Chapter 1 Types of Memory Packages  Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM) – Contains pins for accepting data from the control circuit  Dual In-line Memory Module (DIMM) – Similar to a SIMM. The difference between the SIMM and DIMM is that DIMM is a 168-pin package  Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module (SODIMM) – Has a notch at the bottom of the circuit board  Micro DIMM – Connects the memory module with the memory socket  Rambus in-line Memory Module (RIMM) – Similar to DIMM package. It only differs in the pin configuration

10. Slide 10 of 14Chapter 1 Memory Specifications  Size of a Data Bus of a Memory Module - Specifies the amount of information that is flowing in each clock cycle  Error Checking and Correcting Module - Used this module for detecting and correcting errors of the memory block  Parity and Non-Parity chips - Detects and notifies the user about the error  Memory Frequency – Is set as a multiple of FSB and Front Side Bus (FSB) is used to describe the Data Bus  Memory Bank - Is a logical unit of memory in a computer and consists of one or more memory modules

11. Slide 11 of 14Chapter 1 Upgrading the Memory  Increases the speed of the system  Change either the previous RAM or add one more RAM with the previous RAM to upgrade the memory

12. Slide 12 of 14Chapter 1 Troubleshooting  Using BIOS Beep Codes – Performs the POST test and ensures that the system is working properly  Using PC Memory Diagnostic Software – Enables the user to solve problems related to memory

13. Slide 13 of 14Chapter 1 Summary -I  Memory is categorized into volatile memory or non-volatile memory  Volatile memory stores the data temporarily whereas the non- volatile memory stores the data permanently  RAM is a semiconductor-based memory where the CPU or the other hardware devices can write the data and read the same from it  ROM is the permanent data storage area  Virtual memory is an imaginary memory area that stores instructions or data

14. Slide 14 of 14Chapter 1 Summary - II  EDO DRAM starts fetching the data from the next cell before the previous process completes  SDRAM synchronizes the memory speed with the CPU clock speed  RDRAM package is used in the high bandwidth and the low latency applications  DDR-SDRAM transfers data on both the edges of the clock signal that is on the rising and falling edges of the clock signal  VRAM stores the images that are to be displayed on the computer screen

15. Slide 15 of 14Chapter 1 Summary - III  SIMM is a small circuit board designed to hold the memory chips  DIMM package is a small circuit board that contains the memory chips. The difference between the SIMM and DIMM is that DIMM is a 168-pin package  SODIMM has notch at the bottom of the circuit board  Micro DIMM package pins connect the memory modules with the memory socket  RIMM is used by high bandwidth and low latency applications

16. Slide 16 of 14Chapter 1 Summary - IV  BIOS program does the Power on Self Test (POST) testing as the system turns on to ensure that the system is working properly  You can troubleshoot the memory problems by using BIOS beep codes e.g. AWARD and AMI  PC Memory Diagnostic Software enables user to solve memory related problems