1. Fall Protection Orlando Huguet, Jr.

2. This training will provide a basic overview and information about fall protection and the current OSHA standards. Items covered include the principals of fall protection, the different components of a fall arrest systems, limitations and general discussion of real and hazardous situations.

3. Course Objectives
Identify appropriate fall protection devices and systems
Identify common fall hazards
Identify possible abatement/correction methods for common fall hazards
Briefly review and discuss applicable OSHA standards

7. ANATOMY OF A FALL
Least you think that falling is not a serious thing and that you probably can catch yourself before too much damage is done – read on, you might find the below information interesting:
ELAPSED FREE FALL SPEED
TIME (SEC) DISTANCE FT/SEC HUMAN RESPONSE
” Unaware
” Aware
” (1.5’) Aware
” Reflex
” (4’) Start to move
” Start to move
” (6’) Slight movement
” Slight movement
” Movement
” Movement
” (16’) Movement
” (64’) Movement
Note: “Start to move” and “Slight movement” do NOT equate to reaching out and grabbing something. By the time you have conscience, controlled movement 8/10ths (or more) of a second have passed and you have already fallen roughly 10.3’ (124”)! OSHA requires fall protection to start at heights of 6’.
Not like in the movies! Majority of people who fall, cant react fast enough to make any type of movement in order to secure their own resue

8. What are the risk this person is taking
What are the risk this person is taking. Discuss same and engage students into identifying possible hazards as well as to identify what type of work the individual is engaged in.

9. Two Factors Influence Falls
Body Weight ---(W)
Free Fall Distance---(D)
Forces= W x D
So a 215lbs worker w/ 6 lbs of tools who falls 6’ can generate fall forces of 1,290lbs across a person’s body
W/O adequate deceleration or shock absorbers this could cause serious injuries.
Discuss the factors which are involved in a fall give possible examples and detail information.

10. Falls
Falls are the leading cause of fatalities in the construction industry.
In 2008 there was 700 fatal falls
In 2009 there was 617 fatal falls
Half of these falls were in construction
Fall injuries cost millions each year

11. Top 10 OSHA Violations 2010 2009 2008 Scaffolding Fall Protection
Hazard Communications
Respiratory Protection
Ladders
Control of Hazardous Energy (lockout/tagout)
Control of Hazardous Energy (lockout/tagout)
Electrical – Wiring Methods
Electrical (wiring methods)
Powered Industrial Trucks
Machine Guarding
Electrical (general)
Electrical – General
Why are we talking about Falls? Why is the govt taking a strong look at falls. What is the evidence or trend that indicates that falls are a major problem in USA for employee injuries.

12. Engage students in discussion as to what they do in their every day life that might put them in a simialr hazardous situation.. Discuss simple items like climbing a ladder or working on a roof, or just walking down a sidewalk.

13. Fatal Falls From: Roofs 109 Scaffolds 53 Ladders 122
Falls from same level 83
Fall from to lower level 518
Fatal falls for 2009 results via BLS. Just simply being on a residential roof has its risk. Discuss the above stats and how many times they have been exposed to these similar hazardous situation and maybe they didn’t realize it. What precautions if any did they take. Could they have become a similar stat?

14. Top Fall Protection Violations
/Scaffolding…….9,093
/Fall Protection Scope….6771
/Ladders……3072
(FY 2010)
OSHAs total number of violations for 2010yr.

15. OSHA Cite Big $ March 16, 2011 at 3:56 p.m
MARCO ISLAND — The U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration is proposing $60,900 in penalties against Naples-based Morca Contracting Corp. for 14 serious safety violations found at a worksite on Marco Island. Violations include multiple failures to prepare and maintain adequate scaffolding, resulting in workers being exposed to fall hazards; a lack of fall protection for workers; and inadequate training for employees on recognition and prevention of fall hazards. “I have a small business, the fine (violation costs) is more than I make a year,” Morales said. Morca has 13 employees, down from 29 in good building times.
Current events! Discuss and update as necessary use current OSHA site for data

16. Primary Causes of Fall Related Fatalities
Unprotected sides, edges and holes
Improperly constructed walking/working surfaces
Improper use of access equipment (ladders and lifts)
Failure to properly use PFAS
Slips and Trips (housekeeping)
Root cause of most falls can be attributed to the above. Briefly discuss each one and get input and by in from students. How many of them have been exposed to one of these situation.

17. Fatality and Stats
85% of all citations and 90% of dollars applied as fines are related to the Focus Four Hazards-Struck By, Caught In-Between, Falls and Electrocution
79% of all fatalities are related to the above
Discuss stats ref how many of the fatalities in USA can be attributed to one of the F4H. Explain briefly what they are to the audience and give examples of each.

19. What Is Fall Protection?
Answer……..A series of reasonable steps taken to cause elimination or control of the injurious effects of an unintentional fall while accessing or working at height.
What is it? What do they think it is? Get examples from students. Start them thinking on ways to protect themselves before exposing themselves to any fall hazards.

20. Planning for Fall Protection
Best practice dictates that fall protection becomes an integral part of the project planning process, from constructability, to systems installation, to use and maintenance
A project cannot be truly safe unless fall protection is incorporated into every phase of the construction process
Best if fall protection is planned and designed prior to construction….More…difficult-and costly-once project starts!
Planning (DOING) will keep workers safe and minimize liability for all parties involved.
Best practices……….discuss in detail how they should approach things.

21. What are the hazards here. Discuss same with the students
What are the hazards here? Discuss same with the students. How many hazards can they identify. What would they do different? Have any of them ever work in a similar situation?

22. Controlling Fall Exposures
Select fall protection systems appropriate for given situations
Use proper construction and installation of safety systems
Supervise employees properly
Make Supervisor both responsible and accountable for fall protection at workplaces
Use safe work procedures
Train Workers in the proper selection, use, and maintenance of fall protection systems
Evaluate the effectiveness of all steps
Discuss same with students as to the safe steps that should be taken in order to help in keeping them safe and preventing them from falling at the work place.

23. Fall Arrest System
A personal fall arrest system is one option of protection that OSHA requires for workers on construction sites who are exposed to vertical drops of 6 feet or more
Ensure that personal fall arrest systems will, when stopping a fall:
Limit maximum arresting force to 1,800 pounds.
Be rigged such that an employee can neither free fall more than 6 feet nor contact any lower level.
Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum deceleration distance to 3½ feet.
Have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of a worker free falling a distance of 6 feet, or the free fall distance permitted by the system, whichever is less
What is a Fall Arrest System? When we discuss same, solicit from them what they know and engaged in discussion what the regulations require and some of the highpoints that need to take into account

24. Other Things to Consider
Remove systems and components from service immediately if they have been subjected to fall impact, until inspected by a competent person and deemed undamaged and suitable for use.
Promptly rescue employees in the event of a fall, or assure that they are able to rescue themselves.
Inspect systems before each use for wear, damage, and other deterioration, and remove defective components from service.
Do not attach fall arrest systems to guardrail systems or hoists.
Rig fall arrest systems to allow movement of the worker only as far as the edge of the walking/working surface, when used at hoist areas.
Cont from previous slides.

25. Impact Force Minimize Fall Distance Use Shock Absorbers
Choose appropriate harnesses, and wear them properly
Things to remember and take into account. Must be considerate of all aspects of fall protection and not just strap on the PPE and not think about if its really going to work in the situation they find themselves.

26. The ABC’s
The ABCs of Fall Protection

27. The A
The Anchor system, discuss some the different systems used in the industry

28. The Anchor
Anchorages used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment must be independent of any anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms, and capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds per employee attached, or must be designed and used as follows: .
As part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two.
Under the supervision of a qualified person.

29. Improper Anchor Points
Standard Guardrails
Staqndard Railings
Ladder/Rungs
Scaffolding
Light fixtures
Conduit or Plumbing
Ductwork or Pipe Vents
Pipe Hangers
C-Clamps
Cable Trays
Another lanyard
Roofstacks, vents
Joists, girders (unless qualified person allows same)

30. The B
The B= the body harness

31. The Body Harness
Body harnesses are designed to minimize stress forces on an employee's body in the event of a fall, while providing sufficient freedom of movement to allow work to be performed. Do not use body harnesses to hoist materials.
                                   
As of January 1, 1998, body belts are not acceptable as part of a personal fall arrest system, because they impose a danger of internal injuries when stopping a fall.

32. Body Harness Cont..
Need to be inspected frequently (daily before use by the worker 502(d)(21)
Recommend monthly by Competent Person
Should never be modified
Should be taken out of service immediately if defective or exposed to an impact 502 (d)(9)

33. Proper Adjustment is Key
Be able to reach your D-Ring with your thumb
Maximum four (flat) fingers of slack at the legs, straps as high as comfortably possible
Ensure chest strap is across the chest/breastbone
Have a buddy double check for twist..etc.
Demostrate with an actual harness to students. Have one try one on and see if they know how to properly put it on. Explain what is a proper fit, explain where the D ring should be and how tight all the belts and straps should be . What is the difference between the $35 harness to the $135 and above?

34. ABC Proper/Adequate ABC’s make up the PFAS
A failure in any of the ABC’s can be the difference between a fall arrest and fall related death
PFAS= Personal Fall Arrest System

35. Adequate Anchorages are Crucial
29CFR 1926 Subpart M Appendix C (h) OSHA’s stance on importance of anchorage points
Planning by employer is VITAL
No planning….employees tend to find their own anchorage or don’t use any
Must support 5000lbs per employee attached

36. What’s a Safety Factor of 2?
Means that you multiply the maximum intended load on the anchorage by two.
Engineers have come up w 3600lbs since the max arresting forces to a worker in a fall wearing a harness is 1,800lbs
(n) Safety factor: Means the ratio of the ultimate breaking strenght of a member of piece of equipment to the actual working stress of safe load
Explain and give example of same

37. Use of Eye Bolts Rated for loading parallel to the bolt axis
If wall mounted the rating perpendicular to the axis must be good for 5,000lbs per employee.
Use to anchor life lines? Only one person on horizontal line if rated only for 5,000lbs. Should be approved by qualified person.

38. Different types of anchor points and horizontal life line.

39. Inproperly installed and use of an anchor point
Inproperly installed and use of an anchor point. Sling threaded through a hole and anchor via a support pole
Safety Guys, Inc

40. Will this hold 5,000lbs? Is this in compliance with current OSHA Standards. A worker was found at the other end of the sling attached to same via a lanyard and body harness.
Safety Guys, Inc

41. Horizontal Life Lines Provide maneuverability
Must be designed , installed and used under the guidance of a qualified person with safety factor of at least 2
See Subpart M, Appendix C (h) (6)
See ANSI A pp5

42. Vertical Lifelines 29CFR 1926.104 Min breaking strength 5,000lbs
Separate lifelines per employee 502.(d)(10)
Elevator erection 2 employees on VLL as long as its rated for 10,000lbs
No knots in VLL, can redue strenght by 50%
Discuss the difference between horizontal and vertical lifelines

43. The C= the Connectors

44. The Connectors
Connectors, including D-rings and snaphooks, must be made from drop-forged, pressed or formed steel, or equivalent materials. They must have a corrosion-resistant finish, with smooth surfaces and edges to prevent damage to connecting parts of the system.
Discuss the difference kinds of connectors, demostrate each one and pass same via the audience let them touch and feel same, show them how it works and how to prevent roll out.

45. Connector (Lanyards) Should be inspected before each use
Should not be tied back to themselves
Should be worn with timpact absorber/shock pack at the D-ring
Should have the appropriate clip for the intended anchorage points

46. Retractable Life lines
Very effective for vertical applications
Will normally lock up in 1 to 2 feet, minimizing total fall distance and impact forces on the employee’s body
Show and tell, demo a SRL, what is the difference of same from a normal landyard.

47. SRL and Deceleration Devices
Self retracting lifelines which limit free fall to 2’ or < must capable of sustaining minimum tensile load of 3000lbs to device is fully extended position
SRL which don’t limit fall to 2’ or < ripstich lanyards and tearing type lanyards must maintain min tensile load of 5,000lbs to lifeline/lanyard in fully extended position

48. Do Not Hook Lanyards to Retractables
This can cause hook failures and affect the locking capability of the retractable The retractable should be attached directly to the D-ring No plan for SWING factor in the event of a fall.
You should never hook two difference FPS to each other because they might not work properly.

49. What do you see. What are the hazards
What do you see? What are the hazards? What could the person do different? Landyard is not proper and the anchor point is also not in compliance.
Safety Guys, Inc

50. What is the hazards. Should the person be hooked up
What is the hazards? Should the person be hooked up? The individual is close to opening in the wall in that if he falls off the ladder he may tip over the window edge. He should be hooked up.

51. PFAS Must limit Max Arresting Forces to the Worker
Per 29CFR (d)(16)
Body Belt MAF to 900lbs
Full body harness MAF 1,800lbs
Locking snap lanyards w/built in shock absorbers reduce fall arrest forces by 65% to 85%

52. Information Steel Lanyard: 3,970lbs of force
Nylon rope lanyard: 2,395lbs of force
Shock absorbing lanyard: 830lbs of force

53. The hook explain how it works and demostrate same.

54. Snap Hooks
Snaphooks must have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds, and be proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds without cracking, breaking, or becoming permanently deformed.  They must also be locking-type, double-locking, designed and used to prevent the disengagement of the snaphook by the contact of the snaphook keeper with the connected member. Unless it is designed for the following connections, snaphooks must not be engaged:
Directly to webbing, rope, or wire.
To each other.
To a D-ring to which another snaphook or other connector is attached.
To a horizontal lifeline.
To any object which is incompatibly shaped in relation to the snaphook such that the connected object could depress the snaphook keeper and release itself.
29 CFR 1926 Subpart M, Fall protection. OSHA Standard.
, Fall protection systems criteria and practices
29 CFR (d)(1)

55. What is the hazards. Should the person be hooked
What is the hazards? Should the person be hooked? If so, notice how many landyards he is using. What should he do to mitigate the hazard and provide proper protection?

56. Impacting Structures Below
Consideration
Anchor
Lanyard Length
Harness Elongation
Shock Absorber
D Ring position
Consideration that need to be kept in mind

57. Free Fall Distance
How far a worker falls before shock absorbing or deceleration equipment begins to take effect
Affects both impact forces and total fall distance?

58. Free Fall Cont… Anchorage point location in relation to D-ring height
-Below the D-ring allows excessive falls
-Above the D-ring minimizes free fall to less than 6’

59. Competent Person
Means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surrounding, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has the authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
Who is the Competent Person on their work site. What makes them a CP?

60. Qualified Person
Means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has successfully demonstrated their ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter
Who is a Qualified Person? What makes them a QP and do all work site require to have one.

61. What are the hazards? What can be done to help mitigate the hazards

62. What are the hazards. Would you like to this type of work
What are the hazards? Would you like to this type of work? Are they secured?

63. Guard Rail System Primary Issues Complete System Proper Construction
Full Coverage
Accessways/Ladders
Material Handling Areas
Proper Construction
Strength 200lbs
Deflection-Top rail not less than 42” from walking surface
Maintenance
Custody & Control
Explain same

64. Osha Standards
1) For wood railings: Wood components shall be minimum 1500 lb-ft/in(2) fiber (stress grade) construction grade lumber; the posts shall be at least 2-inch by 4-inch (5 cm x 10 cm) lumber spaced not more than 8 feet (2.4 m) apart on centers; the top rail shall be at least 2-inch by 4-inch (5 cm x 10 cm) lumber, the intermediate rail shall be at least 1-inch by 6-inch (2.5 cm x 15 cm) lumber. All lumber dimensions are nominal sizes as provided by the American Softwood Lumber Standards, dated January 1970.
Briefly explain that OSHA is very detail on same and ask them if their work site follows the OSHA standard when it comes to guard rail system?

65. Osha Stand Cont…
For pipe railings: posts, top rails, and intermediate railings shall be at least one and one-half inches nominal diameter (schedule 40 pipe) with posts spaced not more than 8 feet (2.4 m) apart on centers.

66. Osha Stand Cont
For structural steel railings: posts, top rails, and intermediate rails shall be at least 2-inch by 2-inch (5 cm x 10 cm) by 3/8-inch (1.1 cm) angles, with posts spaced not more than 8 feet (2.4 m) apart on centers

67. Pre manufactured Guard Rail System which meets or exceed in some cases OSHA standards

68. Wood Guardrails Proper Height 42” (+ or – 3”)
Adequate strength 200lbs outward or downward direction
Midrails- In between the top and walking surface
Adequate strenght 150lbs outward or downward direction
Toeboard
Adequate strenght 50lbs outward or downward direction

69. This is proper GRS and what it should look like
This is proper GRS and what it should look like. Go over all the different componets of same

70. Several fall protection systems being used at once
Several fall protection systems being used at once. Guard Rail, Nets and PFAS
Safety Guys, Inc

71. Would this meet the OSHA standards. How do you know
Would this meet the OSHA standards? How do you know? What should the top rail hold?
Safety Guys, Inc

72. Safety Guys, Inc

73. What about this system. Does this meet the OSHA standards
What about this system? Does this meet the OSHA standards? Notice that the end of the guard rail system is open and that the top rail has nails protuding same. This system is not in compliance
Safety Guys, Inc

74. Notice also cement debris on top rail and that the end rail is not properly anchored.
Safety Guys, Inc

75. Is this a properly installed guard rail system. What is wrong
Is this a properly installed guard rail system? What is wrong? By this time the students should be able to ID whats wrong and help id what need to be done to fix same.
Safety Guys, Inc

76. Cable Guardrails Proper Height 42” Marked every 6’
Can not deflect below 39”
Marked every 6’
High visiability material
Termination and attachments must meet standards (per Appendix B Subpart M)
Wire rope
1/4” nominal diameter

78. Guard rail system that failed because someone tied off to same and it didn’t hold the required 5,000lbs. The person when he hooked up pulled on same and the pole came off from its base in the working walking surface.

79. Would this hold 5,000lbs. Would you hook up to this system
Would this hold 5,000lbs? Would you hook up to this system. Notice the slack and the improper installation of U bolts.
Safety Guys, Inc

81. Holes Must be covered Guardrails
By material that leaves no openings more than 1 inch wide. The cover shall be securely held in place to prevent tools or material from falling through.
Guardrails
May be used in accordance with applicable standards

82. Discuss briefly why each holes must be covered and not be able to be easily displaced

83. Safety Guys, Inc

84. Good protection system? What is missing? “HOLE” painted on same!
Safety Guys, Inc

86. Properly installed safety nets, describe same and the reason why we would use one on a site

87. Safety nets being used to cover the entire side of a building
Safety Guys, Inc

88. Safety net to prevent debris from falling and hitting personnel below
Safety Guys, Inc

89. Another example of safety nets being used on one side of building
Safety Guys, Inc

91. Where workers on a construction site are exposed to vertical drops of 6 feet or more, OSHA requires that employers provide fall protection in one of three ways before work begins:
Placing guardrails around the hazard area,
Install safety nets, or
Providing personal fall arrest systems for each employee.
Many times the nature and location of the work will dictate the form that fall protection takes. If the employer chooses to use a safety net system, he must comply with the following provisions:

92. Vertical distance from working level tohorizontal plane of net
Safety nets must be installed as close as practicable under the surface on which employees are working, but in no case more than 30 feet below.
When nets are used on bridges, the potential fall area must be unobstructed.
Safety nets must extend outward from the outermost projection of the work surface as follows:
Minimum required horizontal distance of outer edge of net from the edge of the working surface
Vertical distance from working level tohorizontal plane of net
8 feet
Up to 5 feet
10 feet
5 to 10 feet
More than 10 feet
13 feet

93. Safety nets must be installed with sufficient clearance to prevent contact with the surface or structures under them when subjected to an impact force equal to the drop test described below.
Safety nets and their installations must be capable of absorbing an impact force equal to the drop test described below.
Safety nets and safety net installations must be drop-tested at the jobsite:
After initial installation and before being used.
Whenever relocated.
After major repair.
At 6-month intervals if left in one place.

94. Identification of the net and net installation.
The drop test consists of a 400 pound bag of sand inches in diameter dropped into the net from the highest surface at which employees are exposed to fall hazards, but not from less than than 42 inches above that level.
When the employer can demonstrate that it is unreasonable to perform the drop-test described above, the employer or a designated competent person shall certify that the net and net installation have sufficient clearance and impact absorption by preparing a certification record prior to the net being used as a fall protection system. The certification must include:
Identification of the net and net installation.
Date that it was determined that the net and net installation were in compliance.
Signature of the person making the determination and certification.
Briefly review each slide and requirement. Things that they should know about nets and be on the look out for

95. The most recent certification record for each net and net installation must be available at the jobsite for inspection.
Safety nets must be inspected for wear, damage, and other deterioration at least once a week, and after any occurrence which could affect the integrity of the system.
Defective nets shall not be used, and defective components must be removed from service.
Objects which have fallen into the safety net, such as scrap pieces, equipment, and tools, must be removed as soon as possible from the net and at least before the next work shift.
Maximum mesh size must not exceed 6 inches by 6 inches. All mesh crossings must be secured to prevent enlargement of the mesh opening, which must be no longer than 6 inches, measured center-to-center.
Each safety net, or section thereof, must have a border rope for webbing with a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds.
Connections between safety net panels must be as strong as integral net components, and must not be spaced more than 6 inches apart.
Briefly review same, not too much detail, just let them know that there are strict standards on safety nets

98. Safety expert in the installation of safety nets
Safety expert in the installation of safety nets. Takes a CP to know how to properly install same
Safety Guys, Inc

99. Installing the Nets

100. Safety Guys, Inc

101. Safety Guys, Inc

102. Safety Guys, Inc

103. Safety Guys, Inc

105. Material Handling Platforms
MHP must have guardrails
When the guardrails are opened to receive material workers must be tied off
Gates are preferred to removable rails
29 CFR (b)(3) and 502 (b)(10)

106. Safety Guys, Inc

107. Safety Guys, Inc

110. Climbing the structural cross-braces of a scaffold is unsafe, and specifically forbidden by federal standards.  However, OSHA permits direct access from another scaffold, structure, or personnel hoist. If such access is not possible, portable ladders, hook-on ladders, attachable ladders, stair towers, stairway-type ladders, ramps, walkways, or built-in ladders must be used, under the following regulations

111. Hook-on and Attachable Ladders
Must have their lowest rung no more than 24 inches above the level on which the scaffold is supported.
When used on a supported scaffold more than 35 feet high, must have rest platforms at 35-foot maximum intervals.
Must have a maximum rung length of 11½ inches, and a maximum space between rungs of 16¾ inches.
Must be specifically designed for the type of scaffold with which they are used.

112. Must have a rung length of at least 8 inches.
Must be specifically designed and constructed for use as ladder rungs.
Must not be used as work platforms when rungs are less than 11½ inches, unless each employee uses fall protection or a positioning device [29 CFR (e)].
Must be uniformly spaced within each frame section.
Must have rest platforms at 35-foot maximum intervals on all supported scaffolds more than 35 feet high.
Must have a maximum space between rungs of 16¾ inches.
Built-in Scaffold Ladders

114. Direct Access?
Direct access to or from another surface shall only be used when the scaffold is not more than 14 inches horizontally and 24 inches vertically from the other surface.

116. Discuss the difference in the two types of scaffolds. Is this one safe
Discuss the difference in the two types of scaffolds. Is this one safe? Whats wrong with it?

117. Scaffold Types Supported Fabricated Frame Tube & Coupler Wall Brackets
Form Brackets
Ladder Jacks
Pump Jacks
Suspended
Swings
Multi-point
Catenary

118. Ladders and Stairs
Ladders
Extension
Step
Vertical Fixed
Job built

119. Extension Ladder

120. You risk falling if portable ladders are not safely positioned each time they are used. While you are on a ladder, it may move and slip from its supports. You can also lose your balance while getting on or off an unsteady ladder. Falls from ladders can cause injuries ranging from sprains to death.
Is this safe? Why or why not? What could he do different?

121. Is this safe? Discuss ways that things could have been done different, what safety systems should be considered?

122. How many people does it take to use a ladder properly?

123. Is this safe. What could have been done differently
Is this safe? What could have been done differently? Is the ladder tied off? What about the rebars, what is the hazards there? Impalement hazards

124. Is this safe? What would you do different?

125. Step Ladders

127. This is improperly using the top rung of this step ladder to work from.

128. Electrician working above a pool of water. Whats wrong with that?

129. What is wrong with that?

130. Whats wrong with this picture
Whats wrong with this picture? Have any of u used similar systems to reach a high point? What items have you used before i.e. buckets, milk crates, boxes etc…..are any of them really safe?

131. How Do I Avoid Hazards?
Position portable ladders so the side rails extend at least 3 feet above the landing.
Secure side rails at the top to a rigid support and use a grab device when 3 foot extension is not possible.
Make sure that the weight on the ladder will not cause it to slip off its support.
Before each use inspect ladders for cracked or broken parts such as rungs, steps, side rails, feet and locking components.
Do not apply more weight on the ladder than it is designed to support [For additional information, see Ladder Safety].
Use only ladders that comply with OSHA design standards [29 CFR (a)(1)].

132. Vertical Fixed
A metal spreader or locking device must be provided on each stepladder to hold the front and back sections in an open position when the ladder is being used.
When splicing side rails, the resulting side rail must be equivalent in strength to a one-piece side rail made of the same material.
Two or more separate ladders used to reach an elevated work area must be offset with a platform or landing between the ladders, except when portable ladders are used to gain access to fixed ladders.
Ladder components must be surfaced to prevent injury from punctures or lacerations, and prevent snagging of clothing.
Wood ladders must not be coated with any opaque covering, except for identification or warning labels which may be placed only on one face of a side rail.

133. Job Built
The following general requirements apply to all ladders, including job-made ladders:
A double-cleated ladder or two or more ladders must be provided when ladders are the only way to enter or exit a work area having 25 or more employees, or when a ladder serves simultaneous two-way traffic.
Ladder rungs, cleats, and steps must be parallel, level, and uniformly spaced when the ladder is in position for use.
Rungs, cleats, and steps of portable and fixed ladders (except as provided below) must not be spaced less than 10 inches (25 cm) apart, nor more than 14 inches (36 cm) apart, along the ladder's side rails.
Rungs, cleats, and steps of step stools must not be less than 8 inches (20 cm) apart, nor more than 12 inches (31 cm) apart, between center lines of the rungs, cleats, and steps.
Rungs, cleats, and steps at the base section of extension trestle ladders must not be less than 8 inches (20 cm) nor more than 18 inches (46 cm) apart, between center lines of the rungs, cleats, and steps. The rung spacing on the extension section must not be less than 6 inches (15 cm) nor more than 12 inches (31 cm).
Ladders must not be tied or fastened together to create longer sections unless they are specifically designed for such use.

134. What is wrong with this picture. Is this later a job made ladder
What is wrong with this picture? Is this later a job made ladder? Is it properly tied off? What about the entire area? What does this site tell you about safety?

135. What is missing? Not properly tied off on top, missing rung and not properly constructed per OSHA Standards. What else could be done differently. What about the hole below?
Safety Guys, Inc

136. Training Required
Under the provisions of the standard, employers must provide a training program for each employee using ladders and stairways. The program must enable each employee to recognize hazards related to ladders and stairways and to use proper procedures to minimize these hazards. For example, employers must ensure that each employee is trained by a competent person in the following areas, as applicable:
The nature of fall hazards in the work area;
The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems to be used;
The proper construction, use, placement, and care in handling of all stairways and ladders; and
The maximum intended load-carrying capacities of ladders used. In addition, retraining must be provided for each employee, as necessary, so that the employee maintains the understanding and knowledge acquired through compliance with the standard.

137. Is this safe? Are you strong enough?

143. Rescue Plan
Needs to be considered by every employer who has fall exposures and is providing PFAS
How are you going to get the guy down?
How long have you got before the guy hanging is hurting. Maybe they are already hurt?
All sites should have a workable and viable rescue plan that is ready to use and CP in place to implement

144. Rescue Plan Cont.. Its not as easy as calling 911
29CFR (d)(20)
Insists employer provide for prompt rescue of fallen employees, IF the employee cant rescue themselves
Worst case scenario? That’s what the employer should plan for.
What are some options for rescue?

145. During a Free Fall Forces generated to the body can be extreme
When fall arrest occurs these forces are transferred all over the human body and the support device
Study in 1968 found that particpants in body belt in a jack knife position could last only 1.38 min’s before injury

146. Free Fall Cont…
In the same study, those in full body harness the average time before injuries started was approximately 30 min’s
According to Argonaut Insurance, the average tolerance time while suspended before numbness, tingling and nausea develop is minutes in a harness, and 1.63 min in a belt!

147. Case: a wooden plank used to cover a hole was not properly anchor in place.
Safety Guys, Inc

148. A gust of wind came along and blew the plank off the working surface and the plank fell 20 stories from the building
Safety Guys, Inc

149. The plank struck the worker below who was not wearing a hard hat
Safety Guys, Inc

150. Safety Guys, Inc

151. Fire and Rescue were called to treat person
Fire and Rescue were called to treat person. Until then the person was not treated and not provided with any type of first aid.
Safety Guys, Inc

152. The individual suffered head trama and small laceration at the back of the head
Safety Guys, Inc

153. Safety Guys, Inc

154. Safety Guys, Inc

155. Safety Guys, Inc

156. Safety Guys, Inc