1. Drums, Vessels, & Storage Tanks Design Considerations

2. The Equipment List Vessels, including Reactors Towers Storage Tanks See User Added Equipment

3. Vessels - General Wall Thickness determined by required pressure Process Engineer Determines Design Pressure See Web Notes Normal Op. Pressure (Pro II) Maximum Op. Pressure (Controls, S/U, S/D...) Design Pressure (Relief Valve Set Pressures, Minimum Required Metal Thickness) Process Engineer Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP)- Actual Metal Thickness Used Fab Shop

4. Design Pressure Excessive design pressure causes equipment to be more expensive than is required t = metal thickness, P = Design Pressure C c = Corrosion Allowance, E j = Joint Efficiency 5

5. Vessels - General

6. General - Design Temperatures Allowable Stress Values are dependant on Temperature Temperature at Design Pressure must be stated Materials become brittle below certain temperatures - minimum design metal temperature

7. Reflux Drums

8. Reflux Drum Sizing Assume a length to diameter Ratio of 3 Therefore: Solve for diameter

9. Reflux Drums (PRO II) The Volume - Method 1 Determine Liquid Rate Into the Drum - Careful of your simulator flows Give 20% excess for start-up Size for 5 to 10 min @ half full

10. General - Tanks/Vessels Method 2 - Hold Up Time (at half full) 2 to 32 minutes depending on quality of control for each outgoing stream 5 to 10 minutes is sufficient with modern control systems to handle minor upsets 30 minutes provides a 99% probability that an operator can determine cause of failure Engineering Judgement ! 11

11. Vessels - Safety Vessel that can be isolated require Relief Valves

12. Vessels - Relief Valves

13. Vessels (Reactor) Sized on processing requirements Agitated vessels usually have L/D ~ 1 Non agitated L/D ~ 3 Superficial velocities important? Fluidization of contents? Internal coils, external jackets

14. Vessels (Reactor) Plug Flow Reactor Issues Residence Time / Volume - Pro II Pressure Drop - packed beds - ergun eqt. (Perry’s) Back Mixing - Testing, CFD - L/D > 5

15. General - Tanks/Vessels Horizontal vs. Vertical Vertical preferred when: small liquid load limited plot space ease of level control is desired 12 Horizontal preferred when: large liquid loads are involved, consequently hold- up will set the size three phases are present

16. General - Tanks/Vessels Mesh Entrainment Separator 36” + 1/2 feed nozzle OD (48” min) 12” + 1/2 feed nozzle OD (18” min) Vertical Separator 13

17. General - Tanks/Vessels Liquid levels norm liq level at 50% show low liq level at 25% provide low, low liq level for pump shut offs Vapour Disengagement (vertical flash vessel) Diameter Calcs; v = ft/ sec; density = lb/ft 3 No Mesh k=0.16; Mesh Separators k = 0.35 Length to Diameter Ratio - 3 to 5 for Economical Design - but not a necessity 13

18. Mesh Separator

19. Codes Stds’ - ASME ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers Section I - Fired Heaters Section VIII - Pressure Vessels Other Sections (Plastic / Fiberglass / nuclear) 14

20. Auxiliaries Manholes / inspection ports ASME Code has minimum requirements for these based on vessel size - See Section 8 UG-46 Nozzles - velocities max v=100/ , ft/sec min v= 60/ , ft/sec Non-tangential inlet for easier level control 14

21. Auxiliaries Thermowells Steamouts Maintenance blinds Drains Level Gauges

22. Towers Diameter - Pro II Tray Section Height Number of Real Trays Ideal Trays / 0.6 * 1.1 Height = 24” x # trays Remember - subtract condenser & Reboiler Additional Height for Reboiler Additional Height for V/L Separation at top Double Tray Spacing at Feed

23. Towers 6 ft 4 ft Double Tray Space

24. Towers - Diag

25. Valve Trays

26. Towers Tray Flows VIDEO

27. Towers Packing Random Structured

28. Field Fabricated Vessels/Tanks Fabricate in field if shipping is impractical Typically large atmospheric tanks Tank Types Cone, floating roof, sphere, hemispheroid Codes & Std’s – API, ASME

29. Storage Tanks Design Pressures < 15 psig

30. Tank Farm

31. Tanks - Cone Roof Typically Design Pressure < 2 psig, but usually 2.5 Inches Water gauge Ensure Vapour Pressure of Liquid is sufficiently low (suggest < half D.P.)

32. Storage Tanks - Cone Roof Conservation Vent

33. Tanks - Floating Roof Suitable for fluids with vapour pressures up to about 8 psig pontoons Edge Seal Floating Roof

34. Tanks - Spheres Suitable for Design Pressures of 2 to 15 psig 30 to 220 psig (Ludwig)

35. Tanks - Bullet Tanks Any Pressure

36. Workshop Size the Flasher Vap Rate: Liq Rate: Vap Density: Liq Density: Size 50% Liq Hold-up for 10 min 36” + 1/2 feed nozzle OD (48” min) 12” + 1/2 feed nozzle OD (18” min)

37. end

38. questions types of trays horiz vs vertical reactors lifter roof? Margin of error on flows

39. Reflux Drums (HYSYS) The Volume Liquid Rate Into the Drum - Careful of your simulator flows Give 20% excess for start-up