1. 15 May, 2015 CORBA Object-by-Value An overview of the value type and its IDL-to-C++ mapping. George Edwards Institute for Software-Integrated Systems Vanderbilt University

2. November 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value What is Object-by-Value? ¥Object-by-Value (OBV) is the CORBA mechanism for enabling objects to have pass-by-value semantics in CORBA operations. ¥Conventional CORBA objects always have pass-by-reference semantics.  The IDL keyword valuetype declares an object that will be passed by value. ¥Valuetype instances are guaranteed to be local to the context in which they are used.

3. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Object-by-Value Semantics ¥ OBV implies similar semantics to pass- by-value in standard programming languages.  The receiving entity of a valuetype parameter (or returned object) instantiates a new object with identical state to the parameter.  The new instance has a separate identity and no relationship to the caller’s parameter. ¥ OBV requires that the receiving entity have access to an implementation of the valuetype.

4. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value When to Use Valuetypes Valuetypes are often useful when:  An application needs a “copy” of an object.  An object’s primary purpose is encapsulation of data, rather than operation implementations. ¥ An application needs the performance predictability of local method invocations. ¥ An application needs to transfer an arbitrarily complex or recursive tree, lattice, or other graph data structure. CASE STUDY: Valuetypes in the CORBA Component Model CCM employs valuetypes for events and cookies. ¥ Events are messages that are transmitted asynchronously between components. ¥ Cookies encapsulate port connection ID information.

5. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Basic Valuetype Capabilities An IDL valuetype can: ¥ have operations, public and private attributes, and factories. ¥ be recursively defined.  be declared abstract. ¥ inherit from a single concrete valuetype. ¥ inherit from multiple abstract valuetypes. Valuetypes in CCM (cont.) An abstract valuetype serves as a base for all event types. When a IDL eventtype is declared, a valuetype that inherits from EventBase is implied. module Components { abstract valuetype EventBase {}; }; Cookies store connection identifiers as a sequence of octets: module Components { valuetype Cookie { private CORBA::OctetSeq cookieValue; };

6. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Valuetype C++ Mapping (1/3) An IDL valuetype maps to an abstract base class with the same name... class Cookie : public virtual CORBA::ValueBase { //... protected: virtual void cookieValue ( const CORBA::OctetSeq &) = 0; virtual const CORBA::OctetSeq& cookieValue (void) const = 0; virtual CORBA::OctetSeq& cookieValue (void) = 0; Cookie (void); virtual ~Cookie (void); //... };  Inherits from CORBA::ValueBase. • Pure virtual methods corresponding to operations. • Pure virtual accessor and modifier methods corresponding to state members. • Protected default constructor and destructor.

7. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Valuetype C++ Mapping (2/3) …a class with “OBV_” prepended to the fully-scoped name… • Inherits from the abstract base class. • Is abstract if the valuetype has operations; concrete otherwise. • Provides default implementations of accessors and modifiers. • Provides a protected constructor that initializes state members. namespace OBV_Components { class Cookie : public virtual Components::Cookie { //... protected: virtual void cookieValue ( const CORBA::OctetSeq &); virtual CORBA::OctetSeq& cookieValue (void); Cookie (const CORBA::OctetSeq&); private: CORBA::OctetSeq _pd_cookieValue; //... };

8. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Valuetype C++ Mapping (3/3) ¥ Inherits from CORBA::ValueFactoryBase. ¥ Each factory method declared in IDL maps to pure virtual method that returns an instance of the valuetype. ¥ Must be registered with the ORB via ORB::register_value_factory(). …and a factory class with “_init” appended to the valuetype name. class Cookie_init : public virtual CORBA::ValueFactoryBase { public: Cookie_init (void); virtual CORBA::ValueBase * create_for_unmarshal (void); protected: virtual ~Cookie_init (void); };

9. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Unmarshaling Valuetypes  The ORB calls create_for_unmarshal() to create an instance of a valuetype received as a parameter or return type.  The factory class is concrete for valueboxes and valuetypes that have no IDL factories or operations; an implementation of create_for_unmarshal() is generated.  Otherwise, the programmer must provide an implementation of create_for_unmarshal() and any factories declared in IDL. ValueFactoryBase declares a pure virtual create_for_unmarshal() method. class ValueFactoryBase { public: void _add_ref (void); void _remove_ref (void); virtual CORBA::ValueBase * create_for_unmarshal (void)=0; virtual CORBA::AbstractBase * create_for_unmarshal_abstract(); };

10. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Abstract Valuetypes  Have only operations – no state or factories. ¥ Have no generated OBV_ classes. ¥ Are not subject to single inheritance restrictions. ¥ Are inherited as public virtual base classes. ¥ Cannot be instantiated; cannot be parameters or the return type of an IDL operation. ¥ Essentially just a bundle of operation signatures. An IDL valuetype can be declared abstract. abstract interface abstract valuetype single multiple

11. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Supporting a Concrete Interface ¥A valuetype that supports a concrete interface is NOT a subtype of the interface and is NOT substitutable.  The interface’s operations are mapped to pure virtual methods in the valuetype ABC. ¥A skeleton (POA_) class is generated for the valuetype that inherits from the interface skeleton. ¥The valuetype can be registered with a POA and manipulated via an object reference of the interface type; pass- by-reference semantics apply. A valuetype is declared to support a concrete interface with the IDL keyword supports.

12. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Supporting an Abstract Interface  Abstract interfaces inherit from CORBA::AbstractBase, not CORBA::Object. ¥Abstract interfaces have unique parameter passing semantics to their operations. ¥A valuetype that supports an abstract interface IS a subtype of the interface and IS substitutable. ¥Allows determination of pass-by- value vs. pass-by-reference semantics to be made at run-time. Valuetypes can support multiple abstract interfaces.

13. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Reference Counting  CORBA::ValueBase declares pure virtual _add_ref() and _remove_ref() methods.  CORBA::DefaultValueRefCountBase can serve as a base class for valuetypes that will never be registered with a POA.  PortableServer::ValueRefCountBase must serve as a base class for valuetypes that will be registered with a POA. Valuetypes must fulfill the ValueBase reference counting interface with custom implementations or mix-in classes.

14. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Other Features ¥ Any IDL type except a valuetype can be boxed. ¥ Valueboxes may not be a subtype or base type.  Valueboxes for string and wstring are included in the CORBA module as StringValue and WStringValue. A valuetype with only a single state member is a “valuebox.” A programmer can provide custom code to marshal and unmarshal valuetype instances.  A valuetype that is declared custom in IDL implicitly inherits from the abstract valuetype CustomMarshal.  The concrete valuetype must provide implementations of the marshal () and unmarshal () operations. ¥ Intended to facilitate the integration of legacy code.

15. Vanderbilt UniversityNovember 17, 2003 George Edwards CORBA Object-by-Value Conclusions ¥The valuetype is extremely useful, but: –Has some convoluted mapping rules.  Doesn’t totally solve the original problem.  Standard CORBA objects still can’t be passed by value. –Has some questionable features. ¥Questions?