1. Exploring the Use of Conceptual Models to Identify Scenarios, Lessons, and Entry Points for Community-scale Marine Resource Tenure and Governance Dr. Catherine Courtney Tetra Tech, Inc.

2. Small-scale fisheries…..

3. Status of World Fisheries FAO 2012 FAO 2011 World Capture Fisheries Production

4. Significance of Small-scale Fisheries to Food Security and Poverty Alleviation AttributesLarge-scale FisheriesSmall-scale Fisheries # people employed~ ½ million> 12 million Annual tons caught~ 30 million Annual tons fuel~37 million~5 million Annual tons of fish discarded 8 – 20 millionVery little Annual $ in subsidies25 – 27 billion5 – 7 billion Jacquet and Pauly 2008

5. Explore the conditions under which community-scale marine resource tenure and governance contributes to sustainable fisheries, biodiversity conservation, and climate change adaptation Outline: Characterize main components of the social-ecological system Present a conceptual model to diagnose interactions Explore four scenarios with examples from the literature Suggest several entry points for strengthening community-scale marine tenure and governance

6. Social-Ecological System Framework Ostrom 2013

7. Complex Tropical Marine Ecosystems Green et al 2013

8. Tropical Multi-species Fishery Green et al 2013

9. Complexity of Actors Small-scale/artisanal fishers Large-scale/industrial fishers Other marine resource users (e.g. oil and gas, mariculture, tourism)

10. Complexity of Tenure and Governance Regimes Community-scale Tenure and Governance –Customary –Informal –Devolved Co-management –Consultative –Delegated –Collaborative Adapted from Berkes 2010

11. External/Local Drivers and Threats Population growth/ migration Coastal development Land use practices New technologies Global trade Poverty Global climate change Overfishing Illegal fishing Habitat destruction Watershed-based pollution Climate change impacts

12. Exploring Conceptual Models to Diagnose Interactions and Outcomes

13. Four Scenarios Scenario 1: Community-scale marine resource tenure in a sea of open access Scenario 2: Passing the buck through decentralization Scenario 3: Multiple knowledge sources and scales for adaptive co-management Scenario 4: Linked ecological and social vulnerability in marine resource dependent communities

14. Scenario 1: Community-scale Marine Tenure in a Sea of Open Access

15. Tale of Two Coastal Villages in Mexico (Basurto et al. 2012) Seri –Indigenous land and marine tenure rights recognized by government –Excluded outsiders, established rules –Fisheries recovered in area under tenure Kino –Fish buyers have control (own permits, gear) –Fishers employed by buyers –Overfishing in adjacent areas

16. Scenario 2: Passing the Buck through Decentralization

17. Decentralized fisheries management in the Philippines National legal framework supports preferential use of nearshore water by small-scale fishers Management responsibility over 15 km from the shore decentralized to over 850 municipalities and cities Fishers and other local stakeholders serve on advisory bodies to local governments Perez et al 2012 Pomeroy et al 2010 Courtney et al. 2002

18. Scenario 3: Multiple Knowledge Sources and Scales for Adaptive Co-Management

19. Adaptive management in customary tenure regimes in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia (Cinner et al. 2006)

20. Ecosystem-based management in Huave Lagoon, Southern Mexico (Espinoza-Tenerio et al., 2013) Ecosystem-based management Transdisciplinary modeling Traditional ecological knowledge Scenarios based on different rule configurations Broader social – ecological system processes Fine scale delineation of 6 seascapes

21. Scenario 4: Linked Social-Ecological Vulnerability in Marine Resource Dependent Communities

22. Social-ecological vulnerability in Kenyan coastal communities (Cinner et al. 2013) Lower vulnerability in communities with more effective management systems Adaptive capacity varied among communities One-size-fits-all to adaptation planning unlikely to succeed Marshal et al. 2012

23. Entry Points for Strengthening Community-scale Marine Tenure and Governance Recognize community-scale tenure rights Strengthen local institutional capacity Develop effective co-management arrangements Reduce vulnerability of community- scale management of small-scale fisheries from external drivers Build knowledge base for ecosystem- scale processes

24. Thank you! For more information on USAID’s Land Tenure and Property Rights Portfolio Visit: http://usaidlandtenure.net/