1. Authoritarianism comes to Eastern Europe Kagan, Ch. 27

2. After WWI  In 1920s Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania & Bulgaria = parliamentary systems & in 1924 Greece = republic BUT…  all of these areas EXCEPT Czechoslavakia adopt authoritarian state  Limited participation of the masses  Passive acceptance tolerated; population mustn’t play very active role in regime  Why???  No liberal political tradition; no strong middle class for support; lg. landowners afraid of land reform; ethnic conflicts; growing communist influence among peasants; churches afraid of liberal change  Authoritarian fascist influence of Italy and Germany

4. Poland  Restored after 130 years of being ruled by its neighbors, nationalism was not sufficient to overcome regional differences  In 1926, Marshal Josef Pilsudski (1867–1935) carried out a coup.  increasing anti-Semitism  non-Polish minorities discriminated against Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

5. Czechoslovakia  Czechoslovakia was fortunate enough to have a gifted leader in Thomas Masaryk  The country worked well until the 30s, when German nationalists looked to Hitler, and he Annexed the Sudetenland while the world watched Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

6. Hungary  After the war, there was a short-lived Communist Republic under Bela Kun  Following the fall of the Communists, an aristocratic government ruled  Admiral Miklos Horthy – regent for Habsurg monarch, 1920-1944  Count Stephen Bethlen – actual ruler 1920- 1932  General Julius Gömbös – anti-Semite ruled 1932-1936 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

7. Austria  Throughout the 20s there was dissention in Parliament between the Social Democrats and the Christian Socialists  By the 30s, the Christian Socialists had control, until the Nazis annexed Austria in 1938  Engelbert Dollfus chancellor until assassinated until 1934  Kurt von Schuschnigg, 1934-1938 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

8. Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships  Serbs and Croats clashed in Yugoslavia  Violence between ethnic nationalists led to royal dictatorship in 1929 under King Alexander I, a Serb  Royal dictatorships were also established in Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.