1. Then & Now: …disease & technology through the ages Part I

2. continue  This presentation contains a ✔CheckPoint test.
Please clear your desk except for one sheet of paper and a pencil or pen.
Throughout the presentation there will be “checkpoint questions” on slides to test what you just learned.
You will write the answers on your paper.
You may not take notes during the presentation as this is an exercise in active listening.
You may not confer with classmates during the presentation.
continue 

3. A red dot (  ) following CheckPoint questions indicates that a short answer is needed.
A green arrow (  ) following questions indicates that the questions are multiple choice.
At the end of the multiple choice selections, there will be a red punctuation point (  ) indicating there are no other answer choices.

4. The journey begins . . .

5. Long before humans were on earth,
there was disease

6. This prehistoric bear claw reveals arthritis on distal phalanges
Bony lipping at interphalangeal joints indicates arthritis

7. Animals often retreated to caves to die & that is where many bony remains were found.
Arthritic bones were so common that archeologists began to refer to prehistoric arthritis as cave gout
Gout
It is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint, causing inflammation. In the early stages, gouty arthritis usually occur in one joint, but with time, it can occur in many joints and be quite crippling. The joints in gout can often become swollen and lose function.

8. Prehistoric Neanderthal Man
Excavation & reconstruction of skeletal remains revealed:
a stooped, rounded-shouldered, skeleton with curved spine & bent knees.
Image: answersingenesis.org

9. AH-HA!!! A gorilla-type man… THE MISSING LINK!
Early speculation by anthropologists:
AH-HA!!! A gorilla-type man… THE MISSING LINK!
Image: usernetsite.com

10. Scientists now think Neanderthal Man’s stooped stature to be that of a man with osteoporosis & advanced arthritis.
kotaku.com

11. Primitive people were superstitious & believed illness was caused by
invasion of evil spirits
supernatural forces
Prehistoric people were hunter-gatherers. They lived in small groups and constantly moved around the country seeking out the best conditions for shelter and food supplies. In order to explain the many things in the world they could not otherwise understand, they believed in spirits.

12. CheckPoint© 1. What existed long before humans were on earth? 
a. Java bear
b. disease
c. evil spirits
d. herpes .

13. CheckPoint cont.
2. Prehistoric arthritis was so common that archeologists referred to it as: 
a. bear fever
b. bony calluses
c. cave gout
d. field fasciitis .

14. c. was an aberrant primate d. was the “missing link” .
CheckPoint cont.
3. Early speculation of Neanderthal man’s skeletal remains was that he: 
a. had arthritis
b. had a broken back
c. was an aberrant primate
d. was the “missing link” .

15. Disease & PREHISTORIC MAN
Archeological evidence revealed prehistoric man suffered from:
tuberculosis & parasite infestations
under calcified bones (osteoporosis)
caries (decayed teeth)
eroded teeth from pyorrhea (discharge of pus from inflamed gums)
skeletal fractures

16. Health Issues for PREHISTORIC WOMEN
Archeological evidence revealed prehistoric woman had much shorter lifespan than men.
Most common reason for early death:
difficult childbirth
Also had weakened immune systems
birthing & nursing children
best food for men & boys since they would be leaders, hunters, & warriors

17. Therapeutic techniques used by ancient healers/shaman
praying
chanting
hallucinogenic trances
Communication with the spirit world has been part of religion from the beginning. In many societies the shaman is the means by which communication with these numinous powers is accomplished. Typically the shaman will go into a trance state in order to enter into the realm of the ethereal world where this meeting takes place. In many societies this is done with the help of hallucinogenic plants.

18. Ancient medicinal tools of the trade:
facial & body paints
to scare away evil spirits
wood splints for injuries
casts from hardened hide for fractures
bone needles to sew lacerations
(used strips of animal tendon as thread)

19. CheckPoint
4. The most common reason women had a shorter life span than men was that they…? 
a. were killed while gathering food
b. didn’t eat as well as men
c. died in childbirth.

20. 5. Archeological evidence revealed that ancients had osteoporosis. 
CheckPoint cont.
5. Archeological evidence revealed that ancients had osteoporosis. 
a. True
b. False .
6. Name one way that primitive people treated wounds.

21. Prehistoric medicinal herbs

22. Treatment for failing heart
Foxglove Plant
Drug: digitalis
-strengthens & slows heart
publications.nigms.nih.gov

23. Treatment that stops bleeding & acts as disinfectant
Birch Fungus
-a laxative when ingested
The Iceman's Birch Fungus
On two strips of hide attached to his clothing, the Iceman carried spherical walnut-sized forms made of birch fungus. This birch fungus served a medicinal purpose; the active ingredients of the tree fungus stop bleeding and acted as a disinfectant.
blue-grey.blogspot.com

24. Treatment of toothaches & oral infections
Peek-a-boo plant
-also known as the “toothache plant”
sunriseseeds.com
Chewed leaves or flower head which numbs tongue & mouth

25. Bark of Cinchona (sin-kO-nah) tree
Treatment for malaria
Bark of Cinchona (sin-kO-nah) tree
Drug: Quinine
hubpages.com
-used for malaria’s fever & muscle spasms

26. Opium poppy Drug: Morphine -highly addictive
Treatment for relief of severe pain
Opium poppy Drug: Morphine -highly addictive
Cultivation of opium poppies for anesthesia and ritual purposes date back to at least the Neolithic Age. The Sumerian, Egyptian, India, Greek, Roman each made widespread use of opium, which was the most potent form of pain relief then available, allowing ancient surgeons to perform prolonged surgical procedures.

27. Treatment for spastic colon, gastric ulcers, and slow heart rate
Belladonna Plant (Deadly Nightshade plant) Drug: Atropine
ancient women used it to dilate eyes—thought it made them look beautiful
thepoisongarden.co.uk
The common name belladonna originates from its historic use by women - Bella Donna is Italian for beautiful lady. Drops prepared from the Belladonna plant were used to dilate women's pupils, an effect considered attractive. Today it is known that the atropine in Belladonna acts as an antimuscarinic.

28. CheckPoint 7. Birch fungus was used to:  (Mark all that apply.)
a. scare away evil spirits
b. disinfect a wound
c. stop bleeding
d. thin blood .

29. CheckPoint cont. MATCHING: quinine digitalis belladonna
peek-a-boo plant
morphine .
8. Strengthens & slows heartbeat
9. Numbs oral lesions or tooth pain
10. Used to treat bradycardia & dilate eyes
11. Treatment for malaria
12. Treatment for severe pain .

30. Examples of good medicine!
Frightening or cajoling evil spirits out of its victim
(then casting offending spirit to vermin or cockroach & stomping on it)

31. Trepanation (drilling hole in head)
-to treat headaches and odd behavior
treatment was thought to “release evil spirits”

32. Sucking & vomiting “doctor” blew tobacco smoke over patient
then gulp in large amounts of smoke until he/she became nauseated
began sucking on patient’s chest (to remove evil spirit)
vomit to purge evil, then bury vomit

33. Besides healing, shamans were also responsible for warding off
All potential catastrophes
bad weather
unyielding crops
unsuccessful hunts
enemy warriors

34. CheckPoint
13. Briefly describe the practice used to treat headaches / peculiar behavior. .
14. Other than the treatment above, give an example of “good medicine”.

35. Medicine & Primary Ancient Societies

36. The Egyptians 3150 BC 1st to keep accurate written health records
The ancient Egyptian people did not move around like the prehistoric people. Some areas, such as the Nile valley were fertile and offered greater security for settlements to farm and so survive all year round. People settled in towns and not everybody had to till the soil for survival, some became the first priests and doctors.
Public health problems began to emerge when large numbers of people lived together. Patients were examined and simple surgery was performed. The Egyptians had powerful religious beliefs, with many gods e.g. Thoth, god of healing. Gods still provided the explanation for afflictions such as illness for which there was no obvious cause. They believed in life after death and preserved the bodies of important people by mummification for the afterlife.

37. Ancient Egyptians practiced:
bloodletting
monthly purging
making prosthetic devices
embalming
dodd.cmcvellore.ac.in

38. Prosthetic, wood & leather “great toe” found on foot of Egyptian mummy
Image: scienceblogs.com

39. Surgeons in ancient Egypt were both priests & doctors, blending ritual with medicine
Preparing for surgery

40. Ancient India 3300 BC

41. Detected diabetes by smelling & tasting urine (for sweetness)
Image: rupeenews.com

42. Practiced surgical procedures such as:
hernia repairs
amputations
C-sections
cosmetic surgery to nose, earlobes, & harelips
heritagekerala.com

43. Drawing of plastic surgery-- flap to replace nose
ispub.com

44. CheckPoint 15. Name one medical practice of Ancient Egyptians.
16. How did Ancient Indians check for diabetes?.
17. Name one surgical procedure used by the Ancient Indians.

45. Ancient China 15 Century BC

46. Illness still seen as violation of a god.
Male doctors didn’t directly examine women.
used ivory dolls
antiquescientifica.com
Anatomical manikins and Chinese diagnostic dolls are among the many interesting artifacts found in medical history collections. Ivory female figurines were used by Chinese doctors during a house call. The Chinese custom dictated that a woman must not be physically examined by a male physician. The female patient marked the area of pain or discomfort on the doll and passed it thru a curtain without being seen by the doctor.
women would use doll & point to “problem” area

47. Also used acupuncture to treat ailments
Idea behind acupuncture - stimulating energy points with needles/pressure relieved obstructions enabling body to heal.
Image: health.howstuffworks.com
The ancient Chinese used ginseng to balance the body's chi, those natural negative and positive energies that are represented by the body's various organs and functions. If taken regularly ginseng was said to substantially increase your inner strength and prolong your life span.

48. Ancient Chinese Herb Pharmacy
Ancient Chinese used variety herbs were to treat diseases
Ginseng – reduces stress
Ancient Chinese Herb Pharmacy
Rhubarb – body strength
Licorice – muscle spasms
Ginger – treats diarrhea
The use of Chinese medicine herbs goes more than 2,500 years back, during the time of the Zhou Dynasty. During this period, diseases were known to be works of the devil, and herbs were used to throw away the evil intruders of the body.
Peony – regulates blood
Salvia – relieves pain of inflammation

49. Many Chinese herbs were prepared as teas
Image: kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com

50. CheckPoint 18. How did Ancient Chinese doctors diagnose women?.
19. Which of the following practices was commonly used in Ancient China? 
water therapy
b. acupuncture
c. feverfew herb extract
d. sucking & vomiting .

51. 20. Name one herb used by the Ancient Chinese.
CheckPoint cont.
20. Name one herb used by the Ancient Chinese.

52. The journey continues . . .
-The End-