1. WHAT IS FITNESS ? FITNESS IS A MEASURE OF THE BODY’S ABILITY TO COMPLETE ACTIVITIES FOR EVERYDAY LIFE EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY. FITNESS FOR SPORT HOWEVER, IS OFTEN MORE SPECIFIC AND AT A HIGHER LEVEL. FITNESS HAS TWO MAIN COMPONENTS, HEALTH – RELATED FITNESS AND SKILL – RELATED FITNESS. HOWEVER, WHAT FACTORS CAN AFFECT AN INDIVIDUALS FITNESS ?

2. FACTORS AFFECTING FITNESS FACTORS AFFECTING FITNESS WHAT ARE THEY ? PHYSIQUE ALCOHOL AGE WEIGHT AND HEALTH GENDER DISABILITY DIET SMOKING EATING DISORDERS STRESS PERFROMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

3. WEIGHT AND HEALTH IN PAIRS DISCUSS AND LIST THE WAYS YOU FEEL WEIGHT AND HEALTH CAN AFFECT SOME-ONES FITNESS :- BEING THE WRONG WEIGHT CAN LEAD TO HEALTH PROBLEMS. THE RISK OF, AND INCREASE FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE OVERWEIGHT. HEART ATTACKSTROKES HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

4. AGE Our bodies slow down with ageOur bodies slow down with age Participating in physical activity is beneficial as age increasesParticipating in physical activity is beneficial as age increases Muscular strength declines with age, but endurance levels can be maintainedMuscular strength declines with age, but endurance levels can be maintained Bones become brittle and the capacity to withstand impact injuries declinesBones become brittle and the capacity to withstand impact injuries declines Reaction and limb speed declineReaction and limb speed decline Numbers of older people involved in sport is growing rapidlyNumbers of older people involved in sport is growing rapidly The ageing process can be slowed down by continued participation in physical activityThe ageing process can be slowed down by continued participation in physical activity IN PAIRS DISCUSS AND LIST HOW YOU FEEL AGE AFFECTS SOME-ONES FITNESS

5. AGE TASK :-TASK :- Why might older people want to stay fit? fit?

6. GENDER Generally, females are not as physically strong as malesGenerally, females are not as physically strong as males Women have 30% greater fat content than menWomen have 30% greater fat content than men –Contributes to their muscular endurance, they are able to endure more physical hardship than men Hormonal changes in women as they get older can make their bones more brittle, physical exercise helps to maintain bone density.Hormonal changes in women as they get older can make their bones more brittle, physical exercise helps to maintain bone density. Changing attitudes to women participating in sport will allow performance to improve rapidlyChanging attitudes to women participating in sport will allow performance to improve rapidly

7. GENDER TASK :-TASK :- Discuss how changes in social attitude over the years has affected participation and performance in different sports and activities on the basis of gender?

8. DISABILITY Gender and ageing still applyGender and ageing still apply - As we get older, we become less mobile; our vision is likely to become less acute. The physical components of fitness are all affected by age. Some of them, such as strength & stamina, differ between the sexes and can also be affected by disability.- As we get older, we become less mobile; our vision is likely to become less acute. The physical components of fitness are all affected by age. Some of them, such as strength & stamina, differ between the sexes and can also be affected by disability. Attitudes to participation have changedAttitudes to participation have changed Technology now allows more participationTechnology now allows more participation - Such as wheelchairs and prostheses can improve the quality of participation. Disability sport is now becoming mainstreamDisability sport is now becoming mainstream

9. LIFESTYLE INFLUENCES The most direct influences on our lifestyle are:The most direct influences on our lifestyle are: ParentsParents FriendsFriends Other adults - teachersOther adults - teachers Role models in sportRole models in sport Popular musicPopular music The mediaThe media

10. LIFESTYLE INFLUENCES All of these can have a positive or negative influences on our participation and fitness:All of these can have a positive or negative influences on our participation and fitness: Positive influences can be :- - Taking part in activities - Support and confidence building - Highlighting activities available to you Negative influences can be :- –Be injurious to our general health –Have a detrimental influence on sporting performance or contribute to cheating

11. LIFESTYLE INFLUENCES At one time socially acceptable, - ‘the cool thing to do’ but not nowAt one time socially acceptable, - ‘the cool thing to do’ but not now Now much more informed about the dangers of smokingNow much more informed about the dangers of smoking Affects fitness in following ways:Affects fitness in following ways: –It increases the likelihood of heart malfunction –It increases the likelihood of thrombosis –It damages and reduces the capacity and efficiency of the lungs –It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood –It limits the efficiency of gaseous exchange SMOKING

12. SMOKING TASK :-TASK :- Why do you think many young people are still tempted to take up smoking, despite the clear indications that it is damaging to their health?

13. ALCOHOL More socially acceptable than smokingMore socially acceptable than smoking For sports performers alcohol can:For sports performers alcohol can: –Artificially steady the nerves prior to and during competition –Delay or mask feelings of tiredness/exhaustion Unwanted side-effects of alcohol consumption:Unwanted side-effects of alcohol consumption: –Dehydration – alcohol is a diuretic drug – increases loss of fluid from the body –Slower heart rate, creating an unfair advantage –Possible liver damage –Slower reaction time and/or false assessment of risky situations

14. EATING DISORDERS The term 'eating disorder' is an illness rather than the result of poor dietThe term 'eating disorder' is an illness rather than the result of poor diet Eating disorders are damaging in two ways:Eating disorders are damaging in two ways: –They affect general health and well being –They affect active sportspeople who have great emphasis placed on their body shape ANOREXIA NERVOSAANOREXIA NERVOSA –Self imposed starvation –Sufferers are obsessed with being fat

15. EATING DISORDERS BULLIMIA NERVOSABULLIMIA NERVOSA –Sufferers have a poor self image –Binge eating is usually followed by vomiting Both disorders affect more women than menBoth disorders affect more women than men Usually happen in sports where physique is importantUsually happen in sports where physique is important –Gymnastics –Horse racing –Distance running –Bodybuilding

16. EATING DISORDERS EATING DISORDERS ANOREXIA NERVOSA BULIMIA NERVOSA COMPULSIVE EATING DISORDER Self – imposed starvation Obsessed with their appearance & weight Imagine that they are too fat Often involve themselves in vigorous exercise Poor self – image Binge eating usually followed by feelings of self disgust and vomiting Obsessed with their appearance & weight Imagine that they are too fat Often involve themselves in vigorous exercise Episodes of uncontrollable over – eating Do not normally make themselves vomit after eating Are not obsessed with the need to exercise

17. STRESS Moderate levels can produce improvements in performanceModerate levels can produce improvements in performance Extreme levels can de-motivate and seriously depress performance levels (over arousal)Extreme levels can de-motivate and seriously depress performance levels (over arousal) Stress levels can be managed in many ways:Stress levels can be managed in many ways: –Setting attainable targets –Mental rehearsal and positive imagery –Verbal reassurance from coach –Relaxation, both physical and mental The same stimulus e.g. a noisy crowd, can act as a positive influence on one performer, but negative on anotherThe same stimulus e.g. a noisy crowd, can act as a positive influence on one performer, but negative on another The big occasion will bring out the best in some players, but may overwhelm othersThe big occasion will bring out the best in some players, but may overwhelm others

18. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS Performance enhancing drugs are taken with the intention of gaining an unfair advantagePerformance enhancing drugs are taken with the intention of gaining an unfair advantage STIMULANTS Most common are amphetamines, which mask the effects of tiredness and increase feelings of aggression They are normally associated with endurance events NARCOTIC ANALGESICS Painkillers used to mask the pain of injury

19. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS ANABOLIC STEROIDS ANABOLIC STEROIDS –Artificial substances that reproduce those which occur in the body naturally (e.g.testosterone) –Used in the building of muscle bulk as they accelerate recovery from training –They produce dangerous long term side effects to health DIURETICS DIURETICS - They expel water from the body faster than is - They expel water from the body faster than is normally the case normally the case - Used in sports where bodyweight is critically - Used in sports where bodyweight is critically important important - Can also be taken to mask the presence of other - Can also be taken to mask the presence of other substances substances

20. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) –Increases the production of red blood cells which carry oxygen to the muscles –Used in endurance events –Very hard to detect after 72 hours BLOOD DOPING BLOOD DOPING Involves the removal and later replacement of blood to increase its oxygen-carrying capacity Can produce a 20% increase in blood haemoglobin levels

21. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS TYPE OF DRUG WHY THEY ARE USED EXAMPLE OF DRUG SPORT ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG StimulantAmphetamines /Caffeine Used to mask the pain of injury All sports Weight Lifting To reduce the effects of tiredness & increase feelings of aggression/ competitiveness Permits the body to recover from heavy training more quickly than normal Narcotic Analgesics Endurance Events - Cycling / Long distance swimming Pain Killers - Morphine/Heroin /Codeine Anabolic Steroids Stanazol Nandrolone Clenbuterol

22. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS TYPE OF DRUG WHY THEY ARE USED EXAMPLE OF DRUG SPORTS ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG Diuretics Increase the production of red blood cells which carry O 2 to the muscles Beta - Blockers Expels water from the body at an accelerated rate Peptide Hormones & Analogues Thiazides Lasix Aldactone Horse Racing/Boxing (Where bodyweight is critical) Erythropoietin Corticotrophin To slow down the heart beat Inderal Propranolol Biocadren Pistol Shooting /Archery (Steady hand) Endurance Events

23. PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS TYPE OF DRUG WHY IT IS USED PROCESS INVOLVED Blood doping To increase the blood’s oxygen- carrying capacity Blood is taken from the athlete several wks before a major competition The red blood cells are removed and the remaining components of blood are immediately re-injected to allow the body to rebuild it’s missing red cells A few days prior to competition the original red cells are re-injected This can increase the body’s red blood cell count by up to 20 per cent above normal