1. 6-1 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY Unit 5

2. 6-2 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Unit 5 Toxicology 41. Serology Test 42. Drugs Reading Guide 43. Intro to Toxicology Lecture 44. Toxicity Lecture 45. Forensic Files – Bad Medicine Video Notes 46. Forensic Drug Testing Lecture 47. Drug Lab Part 1 48. Toxicology Open Book Test 49. Alcohol in Forensics 50. Alcohol Lecture 51. Drug Lab Part 2 Alcohol Socrative Due tonight!! Alcohol Socrative Due tonight!! d1bc74c1

3. 6-3 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 3 #43 Intro to Toxicology Toxicology—the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms. VideoVideo Types: Environmental—air, water, soil Consumer—foods, cosmetics, drugs Medical, clinical, forensic

4. 6-4 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Toxicologists are charged with the responsibility for detecting and identifying the presence of drugs and poisons in body fluids, tissues, and organs. VideoVideo –Work in crime laboratories, medical examiners’ offices, hospital laboratories, health facilities, etc. Careers videoCareers video

5. 6-5 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein The father of toxicology was Mathieu Orfilia in the early 1800’s. His work mainly centered around arsenic. It was relatively easy to get because it was the rat poison of the day and was the favorite murder weapon among poor people.

6. 6-6 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Intoxicant vs. Poison An intoxicant such as alcohol requires that a relatively large amount be added to be lethal. A poison, like cyanide, requires a relatively small amount to be fatal.

7. 6-7 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 7 Forensic Toxicology found in… Postmortem—medical examiner or coroner Criminal—motor vehicle accidents (MVA) Workplace—drug testing Sports—human and animals Environment—industrial, catastrophic, terrorism (example: Love Canal, NY)

8. 6-8 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Environmental Example: Love Canal New York An example of where forensic toxicology impacts the population is the Love Canal Disaster. VideoVideo

9. 6-9 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Life Example: Carbon Monoxide: Video Link

10. 6-10 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein #44 Toxicity DEPENDS ON… Dosage The chemical or physical form of the substance The mode of entry into the body Body weight and physiological conditions of the victim, including age and sex The time period of exposure The presence of other chemicals in the body or in the dose

11. 6-11 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Lethal Dose LD 50 refers to the dose of a substance that kills half the test population, usually within four hours. Expressed in milligrams of substance per kilogram of body weight The LD 50 of caffeine is 192 mg / kg and an 8 oz. cup of coffee has 200 mg of caffeine. If Robert weighs 170 pounds, how many cups of coffee would it most likely take to kill Robert?

12. 6-12 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Symptoms of Various Types of Poisoning Type of Poison 1. Caustic poison (lye) Characteristic burns around the lips and mouth of victim 2. Carbon monoxide Red or pink patches on the chest and thigh, unusually bright red lividity 3. Sulfuric acid Black vomit 4. Hydrochloric acid Greenish-brown vomit 5. Cyanide- Seizures, Burnt almond odor 6. Arsenic diarrhea, vomiting, blood in the urine, cramping muscles, stomach pain, and convulsions. 7. Methyl (wood) or isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol Nausea and vomiting, unconsciousness possibly blindness

13. 6-13 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Forensic Drug Testing Assignment #46

14. 6-14 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 2 Categories for Forensic Tests Presumptive tests –such as color tests –give only an indication of which type of substance is present -- but they can't specifically identify the substance. Confirmatory tests –such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry –more specific and can determine the precise identity of the substance

15. 6-15 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Color Spot Tests Exposure of an unknown drug to a chemical or mixture of chemicals. What color the test substance turns can help determine the type of drug that's present.

16. 6-16 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Marquis Color Heroin, morphine and most opium-based drugs will turn the solution purple. Amphetamines will turn it orange-brown. Cobalt thiocyanate Cocaine will turn the liquid blue. Dillie-Koppanyi Barbiturates will turn the solution violet-blu VanUrk LSD will turn the solution blue-purple. Duquenois-Levine Test Marijuana will turn the solution purple. EXAMPLES: Color Spot Tests

17. 6-17 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Other Drug Tests - confirmatory Ultraviolet spectrophotometry: analyzes the way the substance reacts to ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) light using a spectrophotometer. Microcrystalline test: more specific; the scientist adds a drop of the suspected substance to a chemical on a slide. The mixture will begin to form crystals. –Each type of drug has an individual crystal pattern when viewed under microscope.

18. 6-18 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Gas chromatography: A small amount of the substance is injected into the gas chromatograph. ~Different molecules move through the chromatograph's column at different speeds based on their density. ~heavier compounds move more slowly, while lighter compounds move more quickly. Mass spectrophotometry: electron beams hit sample and break it apart

19. 6-19 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Pre-Lab Vocabulary – not in order Drug Ligand Crystalline Organic compound Illicit drugs Effervesces OTC drugs Controlled drugs Heavy Metal

20. 6-20 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein

21. 6-21 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein #49. Intro to Alcohol in Forensics Define: –Ethyl Alcohol –Absorption –Oxidation –Excretion –Breathalyzer –Spectrophotometer (page 272) Read pages 264 – 267 and take notes on each paragraph.

22. 6-22 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein

23. 6-23 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein

24. 6-24 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein

25. 6-25 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein

26. 6-26 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Research for #50 Legal blood alcohol limit in NC Henry’s Law Nystagmus What alcohol does to the liver

27. 6-27 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein 51. Drug Lab Part 2 Controlled Drugs –LSD, cocaine, heroin Hallucinogens called ALKALOIDS (contain nitrogen) White powders TESTS: chromatography and UV lights –Marijuana Hallucinogen that does not contain nitrogen Most widely used illegal drug Cannabis sativa TESTS: microscope and UV lights and HCL

28. 6-28 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Heavy Metals Poisons –Examples: car exhaust, pesticides, medicines, alcohol, industrial wastes –Lead: batteries, gasoline, paints –Mercury: fish, thermometers, electrical parts, batteries Accumulate in the body and cause damage to the brain, liver, and kidneys –Other metals: copper, cadmium, arsenic –TESTS: Chromatography of urine to look for amino acids

29. 6-29 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Describe each test 1. Chromatography 2. Duquenois 3. Reinsch 4. Dithizone