1. SELF-CONCEPT AND IDENTITY FORMATION FEM4105 Psychology of Personality & Human Dynamics BS(PM)-PJJ Week 5-7 INSTRUCTOR: SITI NOR BINTI YAACOB, PhD. sitinor@upm.edu.my/012-2841844

2. What is self? The conscious reflection of one’s own being or identity, as object separate from other or from the environment. 2 distinct meaning: Self as an object  self-concept Self as a process  self-esteem 2

3. Self-concept A picture of the way we look, behave, and the impact that we make on others. Own traits, abilities, weakness, strength Feelings, perceptions and evaluations of who we are actually The collection of beliefs that we hold about ourselves. Relate to self-esteem as if more understand own, then can control behavior; if know abilities, can maximizes efforts, hence increase self-esteem

4. Types of self-concept Shavelson, Hubner, and Stanton (1976): 1.Personal self-concept: opinion about own self “I am strong” 2.Social self-concept: our perception of how others think about us “My mother think I am clever” 3.Self-ideals: how or what we want to be “I want to be an astronaut”

5. Self-esteem Self-evaluation, by the value that we place on ourselves, i.e. whether we are good or bad Sense of judgement or value of our own worth and the associated feelings. (Blascovich & Tomaka, 1991) High self-esteem: clear sense of personal qualities, think well of self, set appropriate goals and cope successfully with difficult situations Low self-esteem: not confident, negative perception Measures of self-esteem: Rosernberg Self-esteem Scale(1965), Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory (1971/1981)

6. Factors that can influences adolescent self-esteem Pubertal development Drug use Academic Gender differences Girls more worry, score low Feedback from peers and adults Always in wrong Socio-economic status and ethnic group 6

7. Body Image(BI) Dissatisfaction An individual’s experience of his/her body. Mental picture a person has about his/her body. HBI – when a person ’ s mental picture of her body is accurate and her feelings, assessment and relationship towards her body are positive, confident and self-caring Distortion of body image (clinical related problem): Anorexia Nervosa: Extreme dieting or starvation Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating and self-induce vomit 7

8. Identity Identity - The distinct personality of an individual In philosophy, identity, from Latin: identitas (“sameness”), is the relation each thing bears just to itself. The concept of sameness has given rise to the general concept of identity, as in personal identity and social identity.

9. Identity Formation Eric Erikson, a prominent researcher on adolescence, described the task of identity formation as one of making choices by exploring alternatives and committing to roles. As one moves through adolescence, if these values, beliefs, goals, and practices are no longer appropriate, the individual can engage in a task of identity redefinition and refinement. Self-identity is clearly not stable, but is instead an ongoing process of self-reflection and change as one move through life.

10. Self-Concept Self-concept is a multi-dimensional construct that refers to an individual's perception of "self" in relation to any number of characteristics, such as academics,gender roles and sexuality, racial identity, and many others.

11. Self-Assessment Self-assessment is the first step of the career planning process. It is the process of gathering information about yourself in order to make an informed career decision. A self-assessment should include a look at the following: values, interests, personality, and skills.

12. Self-Confidence Self-confidence is the expected probability that a person will achieve a goal in a certain situation. Self-confidence is the difference between feeling unstoppable and feeling scared out of your wits. Your perception of yourself has an enormous impact on how others perceive you. Perception is reality - the more self-confidence you have, the more likely it is you’ll succeed.

13. Belief Regarding Basic Nature Resulting from a biological basis & neuro-psychological functioning within the environment.

14. Methods in Assessing Personality Interviews Projection Tests Situational Tests Self Reports Reputational Reports