1. Ranching & Farming, A New Century Texas History, Chapters 18 and 20

2. Spanish Introduce Cattle  The first cattle brought to America arrived on the ships of Spanish explorers in the 1500s.

3. Spanish Bring Horses  Mustangs: Small, hardy horses descended from horses brought by the Spanish

4. Early Ranchers  Vaqueros, or cowhands, herded and drove cattle  Mexican American vaqueros were found on South Texas ranches

5. Early Ranchers  Open Range: public land that could be used by anyone  Before the Civil War, most cattle lived on the open range and were slaughtered for their hides

6. King Ranch  Richard King bought the Santa Gertrudis, old Spanish land grant on the southern Gulf Coast  King Ranch became one of the largest in Texas

7. Trail Drives  Cattle were driven, or moved, in large herds to railroad towns to find better markets

8. Trail Drives  Livestock were kept at stockyards, or holding pens, in major railroad towns of Chicago and St. Louis

9. Major Cattle Trails  Sedalia Trail ran between Texas and Sedalia, Missouri  Missouri farmers complained that cattle destroyed their crops; farmers blocked trails by building fences and barricades

10. Major Cattle Trails  Joseph McCoy persuaded railroads and cattle drovers to meet further west to avoid Missouri

11. Major Cattle Trails  Drovers used the Chisolm Trail through Austin, Waco and Fort Worth to avoid Missouri  Chisolm Trail was named after Jesse Chisolm, a Native American trader

12. Major Cattle Trails  Goodnight- Loving Trail was used to move cattle west to the ranges of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming and Montana

13. Life Along the Trail  Wrangler’s job was to take care of the horses

14. Life Along the Trail  Cowhands took turns “riding herd” at night, standing guard to prevent stampedes or raids by Native Americans or rustlers

15. Life Along the Trail  Few battles with Native Americans: drovers had to pay tolls to cross the Indian territory

16. Big Ranches  After the buffalo were wiped out and Native Americans were removed from the Plains, West Texas and the Panhandle became open to ranchers

17. Big Ranches  Thomas Bugbee founded the Matador Ranch, one of the most famous of the large ranches  The invention of barbed wire ended the open range

18. Big Ranches  Ranchers began enclosing their lands, cutting off the water supply to other ranchers’ herds  Windmills pumped water from wells, making fenced pastures possible.

19. Big Ranches  Cattle were branded to show ownership  Ranchers often branded their cattle with their initials  Ex: JA ranch in Palo Duro Canyon belonged to John Adair

20. Decline of Ranching  Severe blizzards and long droughts in the 1880s led to a decline in cattle ranching  Too many cattle meant rangelands were overgrazed and cattle prices fell

21. Sheep Industry  After the Civil War, a growing demand for wool brought even more sheep ranchers to Texas

22. Cultures Meet in Ranch Country  Mexican American vaqueros were found on South Texas ranches  Most shepherds were Mexican Americans

23. Cultures Meet in Ranch Country  African Americans were cowhands and trail bosses  Women also settled the frontier and built ranches

24. A New Century  By 1900, Dallas had emerged as the major city in central Texas.

25. Texas Gold  The discovery of a major oil deposit changed the economy of Texas and the U.S.  Gusher at Spindletop began the oil boom in Texas

26. Spindletop  1901: oil field near Beaumont produced four times as much oil as had been produced by ALL Texas oil wells the previous year

27. Boomtowns  Populations of Beaumont and Humble grew practically overnight  Humble Oil Company later became the multinational corporation known as Exxon-Mobil

28. Good Luck on Your Test!