1. Cattle Kingdoms : Sec. 2

2. Cattle  Texas Longhorns resulted from Spanish cows bred with Anglo cows.  Spanish vaqueros (cowboys) used a lariat to round up cattle from horseback. A lariat is a long rope with a noose on one end.  Spanish soldiers and priest were the first cattle ranchers in Texas. Early ranchers in Texas faced drought, disease, and theft. They had difficulty transporting cattle to market  The Civil War increased the demand for Texas beef.  The Northern demand for beef led to the rise of cattle trails.  Cowboys drove herds north in the spring to towns with rail stations.

3. Cattle Trails Problems on the Trails  Bandits stole cattle.  Farmers complained that longhorns trampled their crops and spread disease to their cattle.  Some states passed quarantine laws to keep Texas cattle away from settled areas. Quarantine - to isolate or separate to prevent the spread of disease

4. Cattle Trails Famous Trails  The Chisholm Trail ran from Texas to Abilene, Kansas.  The Great Western Trail traveled through Indian Territory to Dodge City, Kansas.  The Goodnight-Loving Trail ran from West Texas through New Mexico and Colorado to Wyoming. Drover - a person who moves livestock to market

5. Life on the Trail  The daily live of cowboys was less glamorous than what is shown in the movies.  A manager, or trail boss would plan the drive.  Each drive had 11 to 18 men, including a cook and a scout.  Cowboys kept a remuda (a group of spare horses), so they always had fresh horses available.  The herd moved from about 10 to 15 miles per day.  Cowboys spent up to 16 hours per day in the saddle.  Hazards on the drive included rainstorms, stampedes, extreme heat, rattlesnakes, river crossings, and attacks by Indians and bandits.

6. Big Ranches  Richard King started with a 15,000 acre ranch in Nueces County in 1852 called King Ranch.  The King Ranch grew to more than 1 million acres (about as large as the state of Rhode Island.)  Charles Goodnight’s JA ranch covered more than 1 million acres and supported 100,000 cattle.  A group of Chicago investors owned the XIT ranch, which was almost as large as Connecticut. Sheep and goat ranching also expanded in Texas in the late 1800s  Some Texans owned mustang (wild horses) ranches.

7. Cowboy Legend and Reality  Cowboys generally did not fight with Native Americans.  Drovers tried to avoid Indians  Not all cowboys carried guns

8. Westward Expansion Sec. 3  Settlers move to West Texas  The state’s population doubled between 1870 and 1880.  Settlers used the idea of manifest destiny to justify forcing Indians off the land.  Ranchers and farmers saw great financial potential in West Texas. Cattle and sheep ranchers led the way in settling West Texas.  Railroad companies promoted the settlement of West Texas by building railroad lines through the region.  Joseph Glidden invented barbed wire in 1874 and ranchers used it to protect cattle.  The widespread use of barbed wire helped to end the cattle drives.