1. BIOSENSORS By: Dan Lander Haru Yamamoto Sabiha Hasan

2. Outline of Presentation Introduction Introduction Background Information Background Information Applications Applications Examples Examples Conclusion Conclusion

3. Introduction A biosensor can basically be defined as a device that detects, records, and transmits information regarding a physiological change or the presence of various chemical or biological materials in the environment. A biosensor can basically be defined as a device that detects, records, and transmits information regarding a physiological change or the presence of various chemical or biological materials in the environment. A more technical elaboration of a biosensor will be further discussed in subsequent slides. A more technical elaboration of a biosensor will be further discussed in subsequent slides.

4. Background Information More specifically a biosensor is made up of a biological component such as bacterium integrated with an electrical component to yield a measurable signal. More specifically a biosensor is made up of a biological component such as bacterium integrated with an electrical component to yield a measurable signal. Five major parts that make up most biosensors include: a biological sensor, transducer, signal conditioner, data processor and signal generator. Five major parts that make up most biosensors include: a biological sensor, transducer, signal conditioner, data processor and signal generator.

5. Background Continued… Biological Sensor: surveys the biological concentrations in the environment. Biological Sensor: surveys the biological concentrations in the environment. Transducer: converts the input biological concentration sampled into electrical energy. Transducer: converts the input biological concentration sampled into electrical energy. Signal Conditioner: checks whether an output signal should be generated based on the input sampled. Signal Conditioner: checks whether an output signal should be generated based on the input sampled.

6. Background Continued… Data Processor: extracts data about the input concentration sampled. Data Processor: extracts data about the input concentration sampled. Signal Generator: generates the appropriate output signal based on the input sampled. Signal Generator: generates the appropriate output signal based on the input sampled. These terms outline the basic procedures occurring inside of a biosensor. These terms outline the basic procedures occurring inside of a biosensor.

7. Applications Three general important applications of biosensors that we will discuss are: Three general important applications of biosensors that we will discuss are: 1.) Bio-Hazard detection 1.) Bio-Hazard detection 2.) Chemical level detection 2.) Chemical level detection 3.) Health Abnormality detection 3.) Health Abnormality detection

8. Applications Bio-Hazard Detection Bio-Hazard Detection –Two forms of Biosensors A.) Survival or Death Detection A.) Survival or Death Detection –Biological substance in the biosensor dies in the presence of a hazardous material. B.) Measured concentration level Detection B.) Measured concentration level Detection –Biological substance in the biosensor reacts to a certain threshold concentration level.

9. Bacterium http://cdli.asm.org/cgi/content/full/5/5/609?view=full&pmid=9729524 Example : Fiber-Optic Biosensor How to detect Bio-Hazard?

10. BacteriumAntibody Example : Fiber-Optic Biosensor How to detect Bio-Hazard?

11. How to detect bacterium BacteriumAntibody

12. BacteriumAntibody Fiber-Optic Sensor Example : Fiber-Optic Biosensor How to detect Bio-Hazard?

13. Conductor LiveCell http://www.me.berkeley.edu/faculty/rubinsky/research.html Example : Bionic Chip How to detect Bio-Hazard?

14. Conductor LiveCell Electric Current

15. Capacitor LiveCell Example : Bionic Chip How to detect Bio-Hazard? Conductor

16. LiveCell Deadly Virus Example : Bionic Chip How to detect Bio-Hazard? Conductor

17. LiveCell Toxic Gas Example : Bionic Chip How to detect Bio-Hazard? Conductor

18. LiveCell Extreme Heat Example : Bionic Chip How to detect Bio-Hazard? Conductor

19. LiveCell Nuclear Radiation Example : Bionic Chip How to detect Bio-Hazard? Conductor

20. Live How to detect Bio-Hazard? Conductor Cell

21. Example : Bionic Chip How to detect Bio-Hazard? Conductor DeadCell

22. Conductor DeadCell Cell is Dead No capacitance characteristics Hazard detected Example : Bionic Chip How to detect Bio-Hazard?

23. Where to place the sensor Military Equipment Public Facilities RFID Bionic ChipSTag

24. Bio Hazard Detection System RFID tag Producer STags http://audfs.eng.auburn.edu/research4.htm

25. Bio Hazard Detection System Ranches

26. Bio Hazard Detection System Ranches Consumers

27. Bio Hazard Detection System Ranches Consumers Hazard!

28. Tracing the Source RFID Tag StoreProducer 474547 784878 981521 Hazard!

29. Tracing the Source RFID Tag StoreProducer 474547 Store A Ranch A 784878 Store A Ranch B 981521 Store A Ranch C Hazard!

30. Tracing the Source RFID Tag StoreProducer 474547 Store A Ranch A 784878 Store A Ranch B 981521 Store A Ranch C Source of contamination detected

31. Applications Chemical Level Detection Chemical Level Detection –Four specific types of Biosensors A.) Chlorine Level Detection A.) Chlorine Level Detection –Detects whether certain types of water such as drinking water have acceptable chlorine levels. B.) Pesticide Level Detection B.) Pesticide Level Detection –Detects whether certain levels of pesticides in soils and foods are harmful.

32. Applications C.) Glucose Level Detection C.) Glucose Level Detection –Detects and monitors blood glucose levels for clinical purposes such as in diabetes patients. D.) Alcohol Level Detection D.) Alcohol Level Detection –Detects and analyzes blood alcohol concentration levels in people.

33. Example: Glucose Sensor 1. Glucose in a solution is allowed to pass through the selective membrane. 2. Glucose will be oxidized to gluconic acid by glucose oxidase in the biosensor, which in turn becomes reduced. 3. Reduced glucose oxidase will react with O2forming H2O2. 4. H2O2 will produce an electronic signal that can be detected by the transducer.

35. Applications Health Abnormality Detection Health Abnormality Detection –Two types of Biosensors A.) Cancer Detection of the Esophagus A.) Cancer Detection of the Esophagus –Detects whether a tumor in the esophagus is benign or cancerous using different wavelengths of light. B.) Status Detection of Diabetes B.) Status Detection of Diabetes –Detects changes in eye protein concentration using fluorescent light to measure and monitor diabetic levels in patients.

36. Examples of this Application Optical Biopsy Sensor Optical Biopsy Sensor –Developed at the Thompson Cancer Survival Center in Knoxville, Tennessee. –Used for detecting cancerous cells in the lining of the esophagus. –Works by measuring the wavelength of light emitted by cells in the esophagus. Cancerous cells will emit different wavelengths from that of normal cells. Below is a picture of this biosensor at work. Using this sensor prevents the need for surgically removing any cancer of the esophagus. Below is a picture of this biosensor at work. Using this sensor prevents the need for surgically removing any cancer of the esophagus.

37. Conclusions Biosensors are continuing to transform our everyday lives by adding more convenience to the way we live. Biosensors are continuing to transform our everyday lives by adding more convenience to the way we live. Biosensors will soon revolutionize the biomedical and technical world. Biosensors will soon revolutionize the biomedical and technical world. Biosensors are replacing many of today’s sensitive and complex operations. Biosensors are replacing many of today’s sensitive and complex operations. Biosensors are the wave of the future. Biosensors are the wave of the future.

38. Reference A. Krause, D. Siewiorek, A. Smailagic, and J. Farringdon, "Unsupervised, Dynamic Identification of Physiological and Activity Context in Wearable Computing," Seventh IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, October 21 - 23, 2003, White Plains, New York, USA. T. Vuorela, K. Kukkonen, J. Rantanen, T. Jarvinen, and J. Vanhala, "Bioimpedance Measurement System for Smart Clothing," Seventh IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, October 21 - 23, 2003, White Plains, New York, USA. Y. Huang and B. Rubinsky, "A Microfabricated Chip for the Study of Cell Electroporation" http://www.me.berkeley.edu/faculty/rubinsky/research.html George P. Anderson, Keeley D. King,, Lynn K. Cao, Meagan Jacoby, Frances S. Ligler, and John Ezzell, "Quantifying Serum Antiplague Antibody with a Fiber-Optic Biosensor." American Society for Microbiology, May 20 1998. http://cdli.asm.org/cgi/content/full/5/5/609?view=full&pmid=9729524 http://www.me.berkeley.edu/faculty/rubinsky/research.html http://cdli.asm.org/cgi/content/full/5/5/609?view=full&pmid=9729524 http://www.me.berkeley.edu/faculty/rubinsky/research.html http://cdli.asm.org/cgi/content/full/5/5/609?view=full&pmid=9729524

39. Web Pages K. Bruce Jacobson, "Biosensors and Other Medical and Environmental Probes" http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htm Auburn University Detection and Food Safety Center http://audfs.eng.auburn.edu/home.htm Bionic Chip http://www.me.berkeley.edu/faculty/rubinsky/research.html Erik Baard, "Coal-Mine Canaries on a Chip." Wired News, Jun 13 2003 http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,59217,00.html Cranfield BioMedical Centre http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/sensors/biosensors.htm Amperometric glucose sensor http://chsfpc5.chem.ncsu.edu/Poznan/biosensors/tsld021.htm What is a Biosensor? http://userpages.umbc.edu/~jshull1/ench772/intro UCLA Monbouquette Lab http://www.chemeng.ucla.edu/HMonbouquette/biosensor.htm DARPA Biosensor Technologies http://www.darpa.mil/dso/thrust/biosci/biosensor/overview.html Wearable Group http://www.wearablegroup.org/publications/ London South Bank University Enzyme Technology http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/biosensors.html http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htmhttp://audfs.eng.auburn.edu/home.htmhttp://www.me.berkeley.edu/faculty/rubinsky/research.html http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,59217,00.htmlhttp://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/sensors/biosensors.htmhttp://chsfpc5.chem.ncsu.edu/Poznan/biosensors/tsld021.htmhttp://userpages.umbc.edu/~jshull1/ench772/introhttp://www.chemeng.ucla.edu/HMonbouquette/biosensor.htmhttp://www.darpa.mil/dso/thrust/biosci/biosensor/overview.htmlhttp://www.wearablegroup.org/publications/http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/biosensors.html http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev29_3/text/biosens.htmhttp://audfs.eng.auburn.edu/home.htmhttp://www.me.berkeley.edu/faculty/rubinsky/research.html http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,59217,00.htmlhttp://www.cranfield.ac.uk/biotech/sensors/biosensors.htmhttp://chsfpc5.chem.ncsu.edu/Poznan/biosensors/tsld021.htmhttp://userpages.umbc.edu/~jshull1/ench772/introhttp://www.chemeng.ucla.edu/HMonbouquette/biosensor.htmhttp://www.darpa.mil/dso/thrust/biosci/biosensor/overview.htmlhttp://www.wearablegroup.org/publications/http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/biosensors.html