1. War at the Dawn of the 20 th Century: The Emergence of Total War 1 Lesson 4

2. Lesson Objectives Build a foundation for understanding the wars of the 20th century. Understand and describe the concept of Military Revolutions and how they have impacted the evolution of modern war. Describe how weapon technology changed the character of war at the beginning of the 20th century. Define total war and describe its roots in the 19th century. 2

3. Which War? 3

4. 4

5. French infantry - 1914 5

6. Which War? Petersburg VA 1865 6

7. Two Concepts 7 Military Revolution Total War

8. Military Revolution Concept first introduced by Michael Roberts The Military Revolution 1560-1660 Lecture first delivered at Queen’s University, Belfast, 1955 Gunpowder influenced changes in strategy & tactics Significant increase in size of armies Increased human & material cost of war Richard Kagan, in a review of The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 by Geoffrey Parker Reviewed in Journal of Interdisciplinary History (Spring 1989) 8

9. Military Revolution 9 “ ‘radical military innovation... that fundamentally changes the framework of war’ … Lt Col Anthony C. Cain, USAF ReviewReview of The Dynamics of Military Revolution, 1300–2050 edited by MacGregor Knox and Williamson Murray, 2001 “… involving social, political, and military cultures and organizations … in ‘uncontrollable, unpredictable, and unforeseeable” patterns of change that render former systems and methods obsolete or irrelevant ‘ Produce Significant Change at the Strategic Level of War

10. Military Revolutions Napoleonic Revolution Land Warfare Revolution Naval Revolution Infantry Revolution Artillery Revolution Revolution of Sail and Shot Fortress Revolution Gunpowder Revolution Interwar Revolutions in Mechanization, Aviation, and Information Nuclear Revolution Ten Andrew F. Krepinevich “Cavalry to computer: the pattern of military revolutions” The National Interest, Fall 1994 10 16 th -18 th Centuries 19 th Century 20 th Century

11. Military Revolutions Napoleonic Revolution Land Warfare Revolution Naval Revolution 19th Century Napoleonic Revolution Land Warfare Revolution Naval Revolution Infantry Revolution Artillery Revolution Revolution of Sail and Shot Fortress Revolution Gunpowder Revolution Interwar Revolutions in Mechanization, Aviation, and Information Nuclear Revolution Ten 11

12. Linear Warfare 18 th Century 12 Battle of Fontenoy Belgium, 1745

13. Napoleonic Revolution Late 18 th to early 19 th century Levee en masse produced huge armies Tools of Industrial Revolution supported large armies Also: New, large formations: division, corps Spirited, motivated “citizens”overcame obstacles Losses not a significant factor A 13 Exploited artillery & gunpowder revolutions Technology produced lighter, more mobile artillery Standardized artillery “systems”

14. Land Warfare Revolution Mid- to late-19 th century Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications Rifled firearms, machine guns A 14

15. Brown Bess Classic Musket Statistics: Length varied: 58” to 62” (1.47 m to 1.57 m) Weight: about 10 pounds (4.5 kg) Caliber: 0.75 inch (19 mm) 15

16. 19 th Century Firearms 16 Brown Bess.75 cal c 1740 - Effective Range: ~ 100 m M1842 Springfield Musket.69 cal - Effective Range: ~ 100 m Flintlock Percussion cap

17. Rifled Firearms Transition from musket to rifle Needed some method to ease loading of a rifled projectile 17

18. In History, Things Aren’t Always What They Seem The Battle of Bunker Hill not fought on Bunker Hill The Minié Ball … wasn’t! 18

19. In History, Things Aren’t Always What They Seem The Minié Ball … wasn’t! The Minié Ball A 19

20. The Minié Ball As used in the Civil War, Not invented by Minié Not a ball, and A 20

21. The Minié Bullet Developed by French officer, Claude Minié 1848 21

22. Burton Bullet Developed by James H. Burton Harpers Ferry, c. 1849 Minié BulletBurton Bullet 22

23. Burton Bullet 23

24. 19 th Century Firearms Brown Bess.75 cal c 1740 - Effective Range: ~ 100 m M1842 Springfield Musket.69 cal - Effective Range: ~ 100 m M1861 Springfield Rifle.58 cal - Effective Range: ~ 400 m

25. Civil War Tactics "The Circle of Modern War" and logo © Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013 ( Civil War Tactics (YouTube: 7:38)

26. Rifled Firearms Breech Loading Springfield M1873 Rifle.45 cal - Effective Range: ~ 400 m Springfield M1873 Carbine.45 cal - Effective Range: ~ 300 m “Trapdoor” Springfield 7 th Cavalry weapon at the Little Big Horn

27. Rifled Firearms Magazine Loading French Lebel M1886 http://www.sbhac.net/Republica/Fuerzas/Armas/Infanteria/Fusiles/Fusiles.htm 27 Tubular Magazine (8 Rounds) 8 mm - Effective Range: ~ 500 m

28. Rifled Firearms Magazine Loading Epitomized by the Mauser Gewehr M1898 28 7.92 mm - Effective Range: ~ 500 m

29. Mauser M1898 Gewehr World Guns http://world.guns.ru/rifle/rfl02-e.htm Clip & chamber 29

30. Machine Guns 30

31. Gatling Gun http://static.howstuffworks.com/flash/machine-gun-gatling.swf 31

32. Hiram Maxim 1840-1916 32

33. Maxim Gun Invented in 1884 First adopted by the British in 1889 33

34. Maxim Gun Recoil-driven Operation Force of recoil opens bolt and cocks weapon Recoil Mechanism Demonstration Belt-fed Initially cloth belts Later metal links Ammunition Feed System Demonstration 34 (click on trigger)

35. History of the Maxim Gun "The Circle of Modern War" and logo © Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013 Tales of the Gun: Early Machine Guns (YouTube: 25:02-32:21)

36. Maxim Gun Widely Deployed Russian Sukolov 1910German MG1908 US M1917 BrowningBritish Vickers Gun 36

37. Land Warfare Revolution Mid- to late-19 th century Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications Rifled firearms, machine guns A, rifled artillery 37

38. Artillery Breech Loading Stronger steels Smokeless powder (more powerful) Improved recoil mechanisms 38

39. Breech Loading Naval Ordnance and Gunnery http://www.eugeneleeslover.com/USNAVY/GUN-BARL-CONSTRUCTION-1.html Fixed Ammunition: Cartridge provides tight seal 39

40. Improved Metallurgy Naval Ordnance and Gunnery http://www.eugeneleeslover.com/USNAVY/GUN-BARL-CONSTRUCTION-1.html Stronger metals allowed thinner breeches, barrels 40

41. “French 75” M1897 75mm cannon 41 Recoil Mechanisms

42. Demonstration http://canonde75.free.fr/photos/freintir/freinrecul.swf French 75 42

43. Late 19 th Century Artillery "The Circle of Modern War" and logo © Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013 3:09

44. Land Warfare Revolution Mid- to late-19 th century Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications Intensity, scope of warfare increased Rifled firearms, machine guns, rifled artillery Railroads enhanced mobility, supply Telegraph facilitated massing of forces Campaigns of constant maneuver Economic instrument of power more relevant A 44 Production infrastructure became a target of war

45. Land Warfare Revolution Mid- to late-19 th century Quantum leaps in mobility, firepower, communications Intensity, scope of warfare increased Battles produce massive casualties Rifled firearms, machine guns, rifled artillery Railroads enhanced mobility, supply Telegraph facilitated massing of forces Campaigns of constant maneuver Emergence of Total War Tactics not adapted to firepower A 45 because …

46. Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century Technology-driven: Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine) A 46

47. Naval Advancements USS Monitor - 1862 Speed: 8 knots Two cylinder single expansion steam engine Propulsion 47

48. Naval Propulsion Single Expansion Steam Engine 48

49. Naval Advancements USS Monitor - 1862 USS Maine - 1895 Speed: 8 knots Speed: 15 knots Two cylinder single expansion steam engine Triple expansion steam engine Propulsion 49

50. Naval Propulsion 50

51. Naval Advancements HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 USS Monitor - 1862 USS Maine - 1895 Speed: 8 knots Speed: 15 knots Speed: 21 knots Two cylinder single expansion steam engine Triple expansion steam engine Propulsion Steam turbine 51

52. Naval Propulsion Steam Turbine Rotor Coupled Turbines 52

53. Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century Technology-driven: Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine) Iron, later steel hulls Long-range rifled artillery A 53

54. Naval Advancements USS Monitor - 1862 Two 11 in smoothbore ML Armament 54

55. Naval Advancements Armament Turret, USS Monitor c 1862 55

56. Naval Advancements USS Monitor - 1862 USS Maine - 1895 Four 10 in rifles Six 6 in rifles Two 11 in smoothbore ML Armament 56

57. Naval Advancements Armament 5 in. gun position, USS Olympia 57

58. Naval Advancements HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 USS Monitor - 1862 USS Maine - 1895 Ten 12 in/45 rifles Four 10 in rifles Six 6 in rifles Two 11 in smoothbore ML Armament 58

59. Naval Advancements Armament Large caliber gun turret, c 1900 59

60. Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century All big-gun battleship (Dreadnaught) HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 60

61. Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century Technology-driven: Expense favored large powers Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine) Iron, later steel hulls Long-range rifled artillery A 61

62. Rush of Technology HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 USS Monitor - 1862 Ten 12 in/45 rifles Two 11 in smoothbore ML 62 Speed: 8 knots Speed: 21 knots SE-5 - 1917 F-4 Phantom II - 1961 Speed: 1,200+ mph Speed: 138 mph + 44 years

63. Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century All big-gun battleship (Dreadnaught) HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 Submarines 63

64. Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century Technology-driven: Expense favored large powers Steam power (first reciprocating, then turbine) Iron, later steel hulls Long-range rifled artillery Emergence of submarine, self-propelled torpedo Spawned submarine blockade as new form of war A 64

65. Submarine Development David Bushnell’s Turtle First submarine attack against a warship HMS Eagle - New York harbor, 1776 (unsuccessful) 65

66. Submarine Development CSS Hunley First successful attack against a warship USS Housatonic - Charleston, 1864 66

67. Submarine Development USS Holland c 1897 First submarine to combine internal combustion engine for surface propulsion and electric motor for underwater 67

68. Naval Revolution Late 19 th, early 20 th century All big-gun battleship (Dreadnaught) HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 Submarines USS Holland - 1897 68

69. Military Revolutions Late 19th Century Land Warfare Revolution All the significant weapons of World War I were in place: Breech loading rifled artillery Machine gun Full power rifle All big-gun fast battleship Submarine Naval Revolution 69

70. Total War A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued US Military Dictionary Military conflict in which the contenders mobilize all of their civilian and military resources in order to obtain a complete victory. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia A military conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources in order to destroy another nation's ability to engage in war. Wikipedia especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded., 70

71. Total War French Revolutionary Wars 1792-1802 Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory 71 Levée en Masse - 1793 “Nation in arms”

72. Total War … and thus become legitimate military targets... Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory 72 U.S. Civil War Sheridan’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign - 1864-65 Atlanta - 1864 Sherman’s Georgia Campaign - 1864 1861-1865 resources

73. Total War … and thus become legitimate military targets... Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory 73 … and the laws of warfare are ignored. 20th Century Wars Aerial Bombardment Submarine Warfare WMD

74. Total War … and thus become legitimate military targets... Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory Hugh Bicheno Oxford Companion to Military History 74 … and the laws of warfare are disregarded. (Our Working Definition)

75. Characteristics of Total War 75 TOTAL mobilization of society HUGE armies MASSIVE casualties & destruction Economic Instrument of Power paramount!  High loss of life  Insatiable material requirements  Infrastructure & productivity disrupted

76. Lesson 5 WWI: 1914 - The Lights Go Out Across Europe Next: 76

77. Lesson Objectives Understand and be able to discuss the major causes of World War I. Be able to describe the opening moves of the war in Europe. Be able to describe the Schlieffen Plan and its modifications prior to August 1914. Begin to understand why the opening moves of the war did not go as anyone planned. 77

78. End 78

79. 79

80. Rush of Technology HMS Dreadnaught - 1906 USS Monitor - 1862 Ten 12 in/45 rifles Two 11 in smoothbore ML 80 Speed: 8 knots Speed: 21 knots SE-5 - 1917 F-4 Phantom II - 1961 Speed: 1,200+ mph Speed: 138 mph + 44 years