1. Active Processes Laboratory Big Science Questions Essential issues revolve around fractures and scale effects in space and time I – How do Mass, Momentum, and Energy, transfer and transform in fractured media -THMCB Experiment -Ore Deposits II – How do we image and scale in fractured media -Earthquake Cycle -Characterizing structure III – How do we engineer ultra-deep and large excavations -Caverns -Deep boreholes IV – How do we better understand cloud processes to improve climate prediction

2. Approaches Characterize -> Perturb -> Observe -> Exhume Model THMCB Imaging [Direct/Indirect] IV - Use a vertical shaft of 500 to 1000 m to generate clouds of varying properties I, II, III Sequence: HMTCB

3. Approach (cont’d)

4. Experimental Design Space Time Characterize HMTCB Ore DepositsHMTCB EQ Cycle Petroleum Drill-bitCloud C Deep Excav IV – (a) Warm cloud warmer than 0 C (b) Mixed-phase cloud (down to -20C) aerosol (ice nuclei) electrical, turbulence, temp./ updraft, chemistry

5. Infrastructure Physics 0.5 km 100m Petroleum Campus 1 km Test blocks

6. Cloud Physics Facility 1. Big Science Question: How can we better understand cloud processes to improve climate prediction? 2. Approach: Use a vertical shaft of 500 to 1000 meters in depth to generate clouds of varying properties. 3. Experiments: a) Warm cloud (warmer than 0°C) – aerosol variability, turbulence effects, temperature/updraft effects, aqueous chemistry b)Mixed-phase cloud (temperature down to ~ -20°C) – aerosol (ice nuclei) effects, electrical effects, turbulence effects, temperature/updraft effects, aqueous and ice phase chemistry 4. Infrastructure: Vertical shaft of 500-1000 meters with diameter of 3-5 meters Work space at top and bottom of shaft with hoist at top Power, communications, internet, etc. Variable speed blower/air handler at top to force updraft Man access to shaft at all levels (man-way or hoist with cage) Air filtration system Air chilling system (down to -20°C) Insulated, climate controlled vertical cylinder to run length of shaft (in segments) for mixed phase cloud experiments Computer and basic data recording and video equipment to be installed at multiple levels in the shaft (all waterproofed) Turbulence generating fans Other equipment will be experiment dependent