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Chapter 10 Statistical Inference About Means and Proportions With Two Populations
Estimation of the Difference between the Means of Two Populations: Independent Samples Hypothesis Tests about the Difference between the Means of Two Populations: Independent Samples Inference about the Difference between the Means of Two Populations: Matched Samples Inference about the Difference between the Proportions of Two Populations
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Estimation of the Difference Between the Means of Two Populations: Independent Samples
Point Estimator of the Difference between the Means of Two Populations Sampling Distribution Interval Estimate of Large-Sample Case Interval Estimate of Small-Sample Case
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Point Estimator of the Difference Between the Means of Two Populations
Let 1 equal the mean of population 1 and 2 equal the mean of population 2. The difference between the two population means is 1 - 2. To estimate 1 - 2, we will select a simple random sample of size n1 from population 1 and a simple random sample of size n2 from population 2. Let equal the mean of sample 1 and equal the mean of sample 2. The point estimator of the difference between the means of the populations 1 and 2 is
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Sampling Distribution of
The sampling distribution of has the following properties. Expected Value: Standard Deviation: where 1 = standard deviation of population 1 2 = standard deviation of population 2 n1 = sample size from population n2 = sample size from population 2
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Interval Estimate of 1 - 2: Large-Sample Case (n1 > 30 and n2 > 30)
Interval Estimate with 1 and 2 Known where 1 - is the confidence coefficient Interval Estimate with 1 and 2 Unknown
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Example: Par, Inc. Par, Inc. is a manufacturer of golf equipment. Par
has developed a new golf ball that has been designed to provide “extra distance.” In a test of driving distance using a mechanical driving device, a sample of Par golf balls was compared with a sample of golf balls made by Rap, Ltd., a competitor. The sample data is below. Sample # Sample #2 Par, Inc. Rap, Ltd. Sample Size n1 = 120 balls n2 = 80 balls Mean = 235 yards = 218 yards Standard Deviation s1 = 15 yards s2 = 20 yards
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Example: Par, Inc. Point Estimate of the Difference Between Two Population Means 1 = mean distance for the population of Par, Inc. golf balls 2 = mean distance for the population of Rap, Ltd. golf balls Point estimate of 1 - 2 = = = 17 yards.
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Example: Par, Inc. 95% Confidence Interval Estimate of the Difference Between Two Population Means: Large-Sample Case, 1 and 2 Unknown Substituting the sample standard deviations for the population standard deviation: = or yards to yards. We are 95% confident that the difference between the mean driving distances of Par, Inc. balls and Rap, Ltd. balls lies in the interval of to yards.
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Interval Estimate of 1 - 2: Small-Sample Case (n1 < 30 and/or n2 < 30)
Interval Estimate with 2 Known where Interval Estimate with 2 Unknown
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Example: Specific Motors
Specific Motors of Detroit has developed a new automobile known as the M car. 12 M cars and 8 J cars (from Japan) were road tested to compare miles-per- gallon (mpg) performance. The sample data is below. Sample # Sample #2 M Cars J Cars Sample Size n1 = 12 cars n2 = 8 cars Mean = 29.8 mpg = 27.3 mpg Standard Deviation s1 = 2.56 mpg s2 = 1.81 mpg
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Example: Specific Motors
Point Estimate of the Difference Between Two Population Means 1 = mean miles-per-gallon for the population of M cars 2 = mean miles-per-gallon for the population of J cars Point estimate of 1 - 2 = = = 2.5 mpg.
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Example: Specific Motors
95% Confidence Interval Estimate of the Difference Between Two Population Means: Small-Sample Case For the small-sample case we will make the following assumption. 1. The miles per gallon rating must be normally distributed for both the M car and the J car. 2. The variance in the miles per gallon rating must be the same for both the M car and the J car. Using the t distribution with n1 + n2 - 2 = 18 degrees of freedom, the appropriate t value is t.025 = We will use a weighted average of the two sample variances as the pooled estimator of 2.
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Example: Specific Motors
95% Confidence Interval Estimate of the Difference Between Two Population Means: Small-Sample Case = or .3 to 4.7 miles per gallon. We are 95% confident that the difference between the mean mpg ratings of the two car types is from .3 to 4.7 mpg (with the M car having the higher mpg).
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Hypothesis Tests About the Difference Between the Means of Two Populations: Independent Samples
Hypothesis Forms: H0: 1 - 2 < H0: 1 - 2 > H0: 1 - 2 = 0 Ha: 1 - 2 > Ha: 1 - 2 < Ha: 1 - 2 0 Test Statistic: Large-Sample Case Small-Sample Case
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Example: Par, Inc. Par, Inc. is a manufacturer of golf equipment. Par
has developed a new golf ball that has been designed to provide “extra distance.” In a test of driving distance using a mechanical driving device, a sample of Par golf balls was compared with a sample of golf balls made by Rap, Ltd., a competitor. The sample data is below. Sample # Sample #2 Par, Inc. Rap, Ltd. Sample Size n1 = 120 balls n2 = 80 balls Mean = 235 yards = 218 yards Standard Deviation s1 = 15 yards s2 = 20 yards
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Example: Par, Inc. Hypothesis Tests About the Difference Between the Means of Two Populations: Large-Sample Case Can we conclude, using a .01 level of significance, that the mean driving distance of Par, Inc. golf balls is greater than the mean driving distance of Rap, Ltd. golf balls? 1 = mean distance for the population of Par, Inc. golf balls 2 = mean distance for the population of Rap, Ltd. Hypotheses: H0: 1 - 2 < 0 Ha: 1 - 2 > 0
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Example: Par, Inc. Hypothesis Tests About the Difference Between the Means of Two Populations: Large-Sample Case Rejection Rule: Reject H0 if z > 2.33 Conclusion: Reject H0. We are at least 99% confident that the mean driving distance of Par, Inc. golf balls is greater than the mean driving distance of Rap, Ltd. golf balls.
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