1. Escalators: 30 degree incline is standard

4. how escalators work

5. Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along two separate tracks. The upper set (the wheels near the top of the step) are connected to the rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the top of the escalator. The other set of wheels simply glides along its track, following behind the first set.

6. The tracks are spaced apart in such a way that each step will always remain level. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the tracks level off to a horizontal position, flattening the stairway. Each step has a series of grooves in it, so it will fit together with the steps behind it and in front of it during this flattening.

7. individual steps

8. handrails In addition to rotating the main chain loops, the electric motor in an escalator also moves the handrails. A handrail is simply a rubber conveyer belt that is looped around a series of wheels. This belt is precisely configured so that it moves at exactly the same speed as the steps, to give riders some stability.

9. escalator speed Escalator speeds vary from about 90 feet per minute to 180 feet per minute (27 to 55 meters per minute). An escalator moving 145 feet (44 m) per minute can carry more than 10,000 people an hour -- many more people than a standard elevator.

10. catalog houses

14. Sears Catalogue Homes - Between 1908 and 1940, Sears customers ordered over 75,000 houses from Sears Roebuck and Company mail-order catalogs. Prices for these build-it-yourself kit houses ranged from $600 to $6000.

15. The customer selected a house design from the Sears Modern Homes catalog. They received a bill of materials list and full blueprints. A few weeks after the order was placed, two boxcars containing approximately 30,000 pieces of house would arrive at the nearest train depot.

16. A 75-page instruction book told homeowners how to assemble those pieces. The best way to identify a Sears home is to obtain a copy of the original Houses By Mail catalogue.

17. Millwork: casework, cabinetry, moldings, veneer

18. the design, manufacture, and installation of casegoods, and millwork can make up a significant portion of an interiors project. imagine that you were designing the interior of a book shop, for example. numerous book shelves, book cases, display cases, and perhaps reading tables could be included in the interior designing work.

19. millwork includes: Reception and Lobby Area Furniture and Millwork University Furnishings Custom Kitchens and Baths Entertainment Centers and Casegoods Podiums and Lecturns Signage

20. reception and lobby millwork

21. Chicago Dowel Company, Inc. is America's leading manufacturer of wooden dowel pins and related wood products. We are a supplier to many industries including cabinet & casegoods, furniture, door, and millwork

22. these may be described as 'millwork' by companies who make such items

23. wood molding can be made in almost any shape

24. a cross section drawing is done to communicate the desired shape of the moulding

28. Cabinets

29. kitchen cabinets are typically modular, standardized, and available in different quality levels & prices

30. 'shop drawings' when a project calls for custom millwork, or for specialized cabinetry and installation, the designer sends design drawings to the fabricator, who in turn, makes 'shop drawings'. the shop drawings are the fabricator's interpretation of what the design drawings have proposed.

31. the shop drawings communicate the precise, dimensioned, and specific material character of the item. the designer then checks the shop drawings to be sure that they are an accurate interpretation of the design drawings. the fabricator will begin making the item after receiving the approved shop drawings back from the designer.

32. each individual cabinet is identified with a number

33. dimensions are coordinated with the interior designer

34. a typical design drawing of a kitchen cabinet layout

35. a typical shop drawing

36. cabinet drawers: material, operability & joint construction = quality level

37. types of drawer joints

38. general criteria in selecting cabinets The box of the cabinet should look and feel sturdy. The drawer is a good indication of the quality of construction used in cabinets. Corner of wall and base should be braced with corner blocks. Where there is stress or a major joint, the stiles and rails (the vertical and horizontal framing) should be joined with mortise and tenon or dowel joints.

39. Tops and bottoms should be dadoed into the sides. Hinges should be strong, swing freely, and operate silently. Hardware should be conveniently located and be comfortable to the hand, e.g. D- or U-shaped handle. In addition to quality, if undercabinet lighting is being considered, select wall cabinets with an apron or recessed lower shelf large enough to cover the light.

40. drawer selection criteria Drawers should be removable, have an automatic stop, and be of sturdy construction. The easiest sliding drawers have double metal tracking on sides or bottom of the drawer with nylon and ball- bearing rollers or aluminum glides with nylon rollers. Over time, drawers that slide directly on wood will not slide as well.

41. The sturdiest drawers have dovetail or mortise and tenon joints in all four corners and have a separate drawer head attached to the drawer box which is made of 1/2 inch thick wood for the sides and back and 1/2 inch thick plywood or particle board bottom. Tongue and groove joints are sturdy; rabbeted and butt joints are the least sturdy. Plastic is easy to clean and can have molded plastic compartments which are useful. However, light-weight plastic can break if heavy objects are dropped on it.

42. shelving criteria Cabinets wider than three feet should have a shelf support in the center. Wall cabinet shelves should be removable and adjustable, attached with clips or grooves. In base cabinets, pull-out shelves are more usable and convenient than stationary shelves and may be vertically adjustable.

43. Open metal racks and shelving are available in base or wall cabinets and allow easy viewing. Roll-out or tilt-out bins are options to standard drawers. Lazy susans or blind corner swing-out shelves make corner space more accessible.

44. cabinet materials Wood –Wood is the most popular material for cabinets. It is available in softwood and hardwood. Softwood scratches and dents more easily. Wood grain of higher priced cabinets match vertically and horizontally. Plywood and particle board are more often used than solid wood for large areas since large wood pieces may warp. Exposed surface may be a veneer over plywood or particle board.

45. High pressure decorative laminates –The 1/32 inch thick decorative laminate, e.g. Formica®, on a rigid material is highly suitable for kitchen cabinets. Decorative laminate cabinet doors need a backing sheet to prevent warping.

46. Plastics –Polystyrene, a heavy, durable plastic is sometimes used to imitate wood. Rigid vinyls in sheet or roll, and low pressure decorative laminates are laminated to a substrate or corestock, i.e. particle board, but are not as durable as the high pressure decorative laminates.

47. Steel –Steel cabinets are durable, washable, and retain no odor. They are available with laminated or wood fronts. Low quality steel cabinets are less expensive and may be noisy to use.

48. a sequence of design drawings that explore the design of a kitchen: this is the work of a student named Joseph Londt, Spring 2000

49. This project began when Professor Rod Underwood delivered the assignment to me: design and execute drawings that detail a theoretical kitchen. With little more information than this, I set out to design a space for the preparation and cleanup of food in a small space, much like the apartment where I currently live. I took basic ideas in space economy and filtered them through the ideals that I hold about the use of kitchen, and applied the understanding I've recently acquired in my technical classes at Ball State University to create the following drawings.

50. vertical section/elevation

51. This one (previous sketch) shows the relationship of a six foot tall person and the counter spaces, which eventually evolved to be 36 inches high, as well as the wall mounted cabinets that are placed 60 inches off the floor plane, to accommodate a wide range of users, from short to tall. Exploration of lighting and the spatial requirements of the aisle was also a component.

53. This diagram shows spatial relationships of most of the surfaces of the kitchen space, and highlights the placement of many of the systems that will make the space work. One component of the HVAC system is the ceiling mounted cook top exhaust hood, and some of the electrical and plumbing devices are shown in their preliminary locations. Rough dimensions also explain the space.

55. The floor plan shows door swings for cabinets and appliances, indicating worst case scenarios for available walkways, as well as distances from sink to stove to refrigerator.

60. standard kitchen cabinet units

62. Poggenpohl “Our goal is to improve the kitchen.” This was cabinet maker Friedemir Poggenpohl's mission when he founded the company in 1892 - a company which today has become one of the most well-known kitchen brands in the world.

67. Poggenpohl cabinets