1. English Minimal Pairs bit pit pan pang seat sit
beat bit bait bet bat bite

2. Mandarin Minimal Pairs 1
幹 gan do 看 kan see
子 zi child 紙 zhi paper
把 ba grasp 筆 bi pen

3. Mandarin Minimal Pairs 2
籃 lan basket 狼 lang wolf
獅 shi lion 石 shi stone
子 zi master 子 zi N Suffix

4. Free Variation tomato either neither economics
Fromkin, Victoria, & Robert Rodman An Introduction to Language, sixth edition. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, p. 257.

5. English Nasal Vowels [ i ] be bead bean [ i ]
[ e ] lay lace lame [ e ]
[  ] baa bad bang [  ]
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 261.

6. Distinctive Features b m d n g  p Stop + + + + + + +
Voiced
Labial
Alveolar
Velar
Nasal
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 267.

7. Predictability: Phonological Rule or Not
Nasal Vowel
English Predictable allophones
French Unpredictable phonemes
Aspiration
English Predictable allophones
Mandarin Unpredictable phonemes
Vowel length
English Irrelevant allophones
Japanese Unpredictable phonemes

8. Major Natural Classes Obstruents Nasals Liquids Glides Vowels
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, pp

9. Major Natural Classes CLASS O N L G V FEATURE Consonantal + + + - -
Sonorant
Syllabic /- +/
Nasal / /-
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 271.

10. Selected Phonological Rules / Processes
 Assimilation
 Dissimilation
 Feature Changing
 Segment Insertion
 Segment Deletion
 Movement / Metathesis
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, pp

11. Dissimilation -al -ar anecdot-al angul-ar annu-al annul-ar
ment-al column-ar
pen-al perpendicul-ar
spiritu-al simil-ar
ven-al vel-ar
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams An Introduction to Language, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 277.

12. Dissimilation (–al or –ar)
electric
culture
single
baptism
circle
table
Katamba, Francis An Introduction to Phonology. London: Longman, p. 95.

13. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 4, pp. 300-301)
[ s ] and [ ʃ ] are allophones of the same phoneme.
Complementary Distribution
[ ʃ ] before high front vowel;
[ s ] elsewhere

14. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 5, p. 301)
Southern Kongo
Nonpalatal Palatal
Segments Segments
[ t ] [ t ]
[ s ] [  ]
[ z ] [  ]

15. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 5, p. 301)
Complementary Distribution:
[ t ] BEFORE [ a, o, u]
[ t ] [ i ]
[ s ] [ e, o, u ]
[  ] [ i ]
[ z ] [ e, u, w ]
[  ] [ i ]
b. The non-palatal form
c. Palatal consonants occur before a high front vowel

16. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 6, pp. 301-302)
Questions?

17. German Final Consonants 1
German Gloss
Bild picture / bld / / blt /
blieb remained / blib / / blip /
Weg way / veg / / vek /
Fremd foreign / frmd / / frmt /
Gelb yellow / glb / / glp /
Zug train / tsug / / tsuk /
Cipollone, Nick, Steven Hartman Keiser & Shravan Vasishth, editors Language Files, 7th edition. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, p. 102.

18. German Final Consonants 2
German Gloss
bleiben to remain / blaibn / / blaibn /
Vogel bird / fogl / / fogl /
Baum tree / baum / / baum /
schnell fast / nl / / nl /
Cipollone, Nick, Steven Hartman Keiser & Shravan Vasishth, editors Language Files, 7th edition. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, p. 102.