1. Amino Acids:

2. Peptide Bond

3. * Elimination of water upon formation. * Peptide bond is flat.

4. Non-polar Aromatic + Charged - Charged Groups of Amino acids: Residues (R’s): Polar, uncharged

5. * Water-loving (polar): - Charged: Has an NH3+, or COO- - not charged: Typically, contain an oxygen. * Water-’hating’ (non-polar): -Typically, R’s do not contain any oxygen, or Aromatic. * Small – Flexible (Glycine) Amino Acid Types:

6. CC O ON HH H H Amino acid:

7. Let’s build a peptide (short protein): A. Receive a page of an amino acid. Draw in the atoms of the “R” group. B. Color the R group by category: Charged positively – Blue Charged negatively – Red Polar uncharged – Black Non-polar, Aromatic – Yellow Step One: Prepare amino acid

8. Step Two: Connecting by peptide bond 3. Find the –OH group for the COOH and the –H from the NH2 side. Circle them. 4. With your neighbor: One cuts out the OH, and the other the –H. 5. Bring the C=O and N-H together with a bond. Use Clip to connect.

9. We just made a class – size peptide. It has two edges: COOH and a NH2. The 3-dimentional structure will be determined by the categories of the amino acids (coloring)..

10. 1. How many 3-digit numbers are possible using 2,3,4? Explain. 2. Like-wise, how many 3-long proteins can be made at random from just 3 amino acids: Alanine, Histidine, Serine? 3. Repeat but using all possible 20 known amino acids.

11. Diversity of Structures creates diversity of functions... In fact, proteins range between 20 to 1000 amino acids (average ~ 100 amino acids). Which means ______ random combinations!

13. Diversity of Amino Acid Sequences generated diversity at least as large of 3D structures. Lamin

14. ..but how does the amino acid sequences (primary structure) determine the 3D structure? The side chains interact:

15. Types of interactions: Hydrogen Bond Disulfide Bond VanDerWaals (hydrophobic) Electrostatic

16. Hydrogen Bond Occurs between a hydrogen ‘donor’ and ‘acceptor’: Donor = Has a partially charged H. Acceptor = Has a partially negatively charged.

17. Electrostatic Interactions: Opposite charge – attraction Same charge = repultion

18. Disulfide Bonds An actual covalent bond. Is relatively strong, but not very common.

19. Van der Waals Interactions * Between atoms that are close enough: Attraction between electrons of one atom to the nucleus of another. * The weakest of all, but numerous. * Associated with hydrophobic exclusion.

20. Hydrophobic Exclusion: Rejection by the surrounding water forces R groups to come together, minimizing the contact with water. A MAJOR force in protein folding into domains. Hydrophobic folding

21. Protein folding - simplified PPi hydrolase Collagen InsulinAntibody

23. Splitting Water 1 out of every 550 million water molecules can spontaneously break into and OH - (‘Hydroxyl’): H 2 O  H+ (‘proton’) + OH- (‘Hydroxide’) H + : No electrons, only 1 proton) OH _ : One Extra e-.

24. Acids: Chemicals that dissociate in water to H + ions. Bases: Chemicals that dissociate in water and absorb H + and therefore reduce the acidity H + Concentration is measured in molarity: Mole = 6.02x10 23. 1 Molar = one mole per liter. Pure water contain 10 -7 moles/liter.

25. pH: Power of Hydrogen * pH is the (– logarithm) of H + concentration. bases are low in H + (high in OH - ). * Accordingly pure water is: -log (10-7) = 7 14 * Therefore, a change in one unit of pH in fact means a ‘jump’ of ten fold the concentration.

26. pH: Power of Hydrogen pH ranges from 1 to 14: 7114 High H+ Low H+ AcidsBases Neutral 23456 9101112138 pH of solutions is typically examined with indicator dies Add examples of the household materials to the scale

27. The pH Scale Measures the Concentration of H + ions. AcidicBasic (Colors of an indicator) Low pHHigh pH

28. Demo: Adding acid to a protein solution from Egg white. a. Describe: What happened? b. What other conditions would give the same effect? So, acids can be harmful to proteins

29. Hydrogen Bonds are interrupted by acids and sometimes by bases. Many of the forces that hold a protein fold together are hydrogen bonds: O-H ···· O H+H+

30. To maintain the pH of a body solution we use substances that can stabilize the pH. They are called buffers. The most important buffer in our body (pH 7.4) is carbonate: H 2 O + CO 2  H 2 CO 3  HCO 3- + H + So, is this an acid or a base?

32. Exercise: Use Toobers and Tacks to demonstrate how the primary sequence of a protein can determine the 3-dimentional structure of a protein.

33. Primary Structure Secondary Tertiary (3D) (AGVTDPG)