3. Aspects of Development “Children are not miniature adults.” (p. 30) l Think Differently l See the World Differently l Live by Different Moral and Ethical Principles

4. Issues of Development l Does Cognitive Development Fall Within the Domain of the Classroom Teacher?

5. Piaget: How Cognitive Development Occurs l Schemes l Adaptation –Assimilation –Accommodation l Equilibration l Contructivism

7. Piaget: Stages of Development Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2) l Reflexes l Motor Activity l Trial and Error l Development of Object Permanence

8. Piaget: Stages of Development Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7) l Symbols and Language l Inability to Understand Conservation

9. “It’s the same.”“This one has more.”

12. Piaget: Stages of Development Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7) Why can’t the child understand conservation? l Illogical Thinking –Centration –Focus on States –Lack of Reversibility

14. Piaget: Stages of Development Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7) l Other Examples of Illogical Thinking –Egocentrism –Artificialism and Animism –Problems in Classification

16. Piaget: Stages of Development Concrete Operational (Ages 7 to 11)

17. Class Inclusion is no longer a problem in Concrete Operations.

18. Piaget: Stages of Development Concrete Operational (Ages 7 to 11) l Reversibility l De-centered Thought l Not as Egocentric l Seriation

19. Bob is taller than Phil. Phil is taller than Joe. Is Bob taller than Joe?

20. Bob is taller than Phil. Joe is shorter than Phil. Who is taller?

21. Piaget: Stages of Development Concrete Operational (Ages 7 to 11) Limitations l Unable to Deal with Abstractions l Limited Deductive Reasoning Capability

22. Piaget: Stages of Development Formal Operational Stage (Age 11 to Adult) l Hypothetical Situations l Able to Test Hypotheses Internally l Enhanced Problem Solving Ability

23. Whelks are more colorful than periwinkles. Whelks are less colorful than abalones. Therefore: Formal Operations

24. Worms move slower than lice and worms are smaller than mice. Worms move faster than mice and worms are larger than lice. Therefore: Formal Operations

26. Piaget: Criticisms and Revisions: The American Question l Tasks Can be Taught Earlier l Exceptions to Egocentricity l Development Depends on Task l Development Influenced by Experience

27. Vygotsky: View of Cognitive Development l Assumptions –Learning is a Social Process –Zone of Proximal Development l Means of Learning –Private Speech –Scaffolding

29. Issues of Development l Does Psychosocial Development Fall Within the Domain of the Classroom Teacher?

30. Erikson: Stages of Psychosocial Development ¶Trust Versus Mistrust (Birth to 18 Months) ËAutonomy Versus Doubt (18 Months to 3 Years) ÌInitiative Versus Guilt (3 to 6 Years) ÍIndustry Versus Inferiority (6 to 12 Years)

31. Erikson: Stages of Psychosocial Development ÎIdentity Versus Role Confusion (12 to 18 Years) ÏIntimacy Versus Isolation (Young Adult) ÐGenerativity Versus Self-Absorption (Middle Adult) ÑIntegrity Versus Despair (Late Adult)

33. Issues of Development l Does Moral Development Fall Within the Domain of the Classroom Teacher?

34. Theories of Moral Development l Piaget –Heteronomous Morality (Younger) –Autonomous Morality (Older)

35. Theories of Moral Development l Kohlberg –Preconventional l Punishment and Obedience Orientation l Instrumental Relativist Orientation –Conventional l “Good Boy-Good Girl” Orientation l Law and Order Orientation –Postconventional l Social Contract Orientation l Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

36. Theories of Moral Development l Moral Dilemma l One of your brightest middle school students spills her purse which contains a non-prescription pain reliever product. You believe her when she tells you that her mother sent her to the store to buy them yesterday, but she forgot they were still in her purse. However, possession of the pill violates your school's zero-tolerance drug policy which you voted for. Would you report the incident?

37. Theories of Moral Development l Kohlberg –Present moral reasoning that is just above the child’s current level to facilitate development –Moral reasoning is not the same thing as moral behavior. –Most people show reasoning from more than one stage. –A word about the 10 commandments (p. 54).