1. Skyscrapers Jake Fears Jonathan Neubauer

2. History  Increase in urban commerce  Invention of the Elevator (1857)  Cast Iron framework (circa 1848)  The Bessemer Process Empire State

3. Population of New York Flatiron Building 1902 Woolworth Building

4. First ‘Safe’ Passenger Elevator  Haughwout Building  New York, NY  490 Broadway  Hydraulically actuated lift Chrysler Building

5. Rockefeller Center

6. Bessemer Process At first, air was injected into molten steel to reduce the impurities, and increase the temperature of the steel Later, carbon and manganese were added to improved the strength, and eliminate the effects of other impurities, mainly sulfur High volume, cheap, strong steel was the result

7. What is a Skyscraper ?  Must be taller than it is wide  Is generally a building over 10 stories

8. Comparison

9. Prominent Towers in New York World Trade Center Empire State Building Trump Tower Chrysler Building Metlife Building

10. Prominent Towers in Hong Kong Central Plaza Bank of China Cheung Kong Center Pacific Place

11. Prominent Towers in other cities John Hancock Tower, Boston, Mass. Sears Tower, Chicago, IL. Bank of America Dallas, Texas

12. Prominent Towers in other cities, continued.. Petronas Twin Towers Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Burj Al Arab, Dubai, UAE Commerzbank FrankfurtGermany Frankfurt, Germany

13. The Future of Skyscrapers, Under Construction (completion date) Taipei Financial Center – 101 stories, under construction (est. 2003) Shanghai World Financial Center (est. 2006) 7 South Dearborn – Chicago IL. 1,550 ft. (est. 2004)

14. The future of Skyscrapers, The Dreams The Illinois, Frank Lloyd Wright 1 mile high X-Seed 4000, 13000 feet, over 1 million people Roxas Triangle Manila, Philippines

15. The Future of Skyscrapers, The Dreams continued Millenium Tower, Tokyo, Proposed offshore city – 840 m, 170 stories Russia Tower, Moscow 126 stories The Ultima Over 2 miles high

16. The Future of Skyscrapers, The Dreams continued Bionic Tower, Shanghai 100,000 people 3,700 ft, 300 floors Kowloon MTR Tower, Hong Kong 1575 feet Miglin-Beitler Tower, Chicago, IL Over 140 stories

17. Conclusion  Buildings are getting taller and larger at an increasing rate.  Advances in metallurgy, elevators, foundations and computer design techniques are pushing the limit, all based upon what history has proven.

18. Online Resources  www.som.com - Architects, Engineers www.som.com  www.worldstallest.com/95.html - Skyscrapers www.worldstallest.com/95.html  www.skyscrapers.org - The Skyscraper Museum www.skyscrapers.org  www.fosterandpartners.com - Architects www.fosterandpartners.com