1. 12.6 Primate Evolution Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms Linnaeus - developed the scientific naming system 17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification

2. 12.6 Primate Evolution Kingdom Phylum Class Order »Family oGenus ospecies King Phillip Came Over »From oGreat ospain 17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification

3. 12.6 Primate Evolution Binomial nomenclature - two-part scientific naming system. –Genus and species –uses Latin words –Both written in italics (typed) underlined (written) –Genus always capitalized – species always lowercase 17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification

4. 12.6 Primate Evolution Hominid Fossil Record Paleoanthropologist – study fossil evidence of human evolution Curvature of the spine position at which the spine attaches to the skull shape of the pelvis or hipbones Skull fragment –estimate brain size and wear on fossil tooth can indicate diet

5. 12.6 Primate Evolution

7. Human Classification Kingdom: Animalia Multicellular Heterotroph Sexual reproduction Movement No cell walls Phylum: Chordata notochord – (nerve chord) Class: Mammalia warm blooded Hair live birth produce milk

8. 12.6 Primate Evolution Order: Primate Suborder: Anthropodia Family: Hominidae Bipedal – walk on two legs Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Subspecies: sapiens

9. 12.6 Primate Evolution Order: Primate 2 main groups –Prosimians –Anthropoids Movable fingers & toes Flattened nails instead of claws Hands & some feet prehensile Color vision Front-facing eyes broad overlapping field of vision depth perception

10. 12.6 Primate Evolution #1 Prosimians - oldest living primates. –Mostly small and nocturnal –Lemurs, lorsies, tarsiers –Majority live in trees

11. 12.6 Primate Evolution

12. #2 Anthropoids Marmosets, monkeys, apes, & humans Well developed collar bone Rotating shoulder joint Partially rotating elbow joint Opposable thumb Similar dental formula (same # & arrangement of teeth)

13. 12.6 Primate Evolution

14. Anthropoids Humans & great apes – larger cranial capacity and more complex brain structure Humans & Chimpanzees - High degree of similarity with DNA (99% identical) Person to Person – 99.6% identical DNA –No genetic basis for race

15. 12.6 Primate Evolution Family: Hominidae Bipedal – ability to walk primarily on 2 legs Cup-shaped pelvis (supports internal organs) S-shaped spine (upright posture) Toes are shorter and aligned (balance) Attachment of spine to underneath the skull Locking knee-joint Important adaptive advantage: –foraging –carrying infants and food –using tools Enlargement of brain – more vertical face –areas of brain devoted to the production & understanding of speech

16. 12.6 Primate Evolution Australopithecus afarensis Lucy 3.2 million-year-old fossil Cranial capacity equal to a chimps A little over a meter tall Key – indicated bipedalism originated before large brains Advantage bipedalism: –Foraging –Carrying infants etc (food) –Tools

17. 12.6 Primate Evolution Australopithecus africanus 2.3 – 3 million-years-old Taller & heavier Slightly larger cranial capacity

18. 12.6 Primate Evolution Genus: Homo Larger cranial capacity Slightly taller

19. 12.6 Primate Evolution Homo habilis “Handy human” Stone tools Some speech may have existed Fact: Tool marks on animal bones –Inference: Ate meat

20. 12.6 Primate Evolution Homo erectus “Upright human” First hominid to travel out of Africa Thick skull with large brow ridges low forehead and large protruding teeth Could have been as tall as modern human Lived in caves Fact: Charred bones –Inference: Fire for cooking and warmth

21. 12.6 Primate Evolution Homo sapiens Neandertals Heavy bones, thick brow ridges, & protruding teeth Slightly larger cranial capacity than modern humans About 5ft tall and heavily built Lived in caves and stone shelters Fact: Tools shaped to scrape animal hides –Inference: Clothing

22. 12.6 Primate Evolution Modern Homo sapiens Cro-magnon Cranial capacity equal to that of modern humans High forehead Lack of protruding brow ridge & teeth Taller than Neandertals (6 ft) Efficient homebuilders, tools became more sophisticated Interbred with Neandertal –Neandertal genes are still in our genome

23. 12.6 Primate Evolution Australopithecus afarensis Homo habilisHomo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens