1. Lecture 1 “History and Evolution of Computers” Informatics

2. Content Gradation policy Extra information Early history of computers Modern history of computers Modern computers Future of computers

3. Gradation Policy Attendance -10 % Quizzes -20% Tasks- 20% Midterm-20% Final-30% Mark distribution: First 30% includes: 2 quizzes (10%), midterm(20%) Second 30% includes: 2 quizzes (10%),tasks (20%) Final 40% includes: final exam(30%), attendance(10%)

4. Extra Information Site – linux.sdu/~aigerim (from intranet) Site- instructor.sdu.edu.kz/~aigerim (from internet) Email: aigerim.sagandykova@sdu.edu.kz

5. Early History  “Necessity is the mother of invention”, famous saying formed the basis of modern computers  ABACUS: Very first computing device “ABACUS ” also called Soroban invented in 600 BC was the first computing device  Napier Rods: Napier Rods was a card board multiplication calculator. It was designed in early 17 th century

6. PASCALINE  1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invented the first operating model of mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Arithmetic Machine “PASCALINE”  It was for addition, subtraction, and multiplication and division

7. Charles Babbage’s: DIFFERENCE ENGINE & ANALYTICAL ENGINE  Charles is “The Father of Computers”  1822: His great invention “Difference Engine ” was to perform mathematical calculations  It was fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program  1842: “The Analytical Engine” was a automatic machine. It could do 60 addition per minute  The idea of analytical engine served as a base of modern digital computers

8. Punched Cards  1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched- card data processing machine  His company would eventually become International Business Machine (IBM)  This paper based machine represents the origin of computer database software

9. Z3  1941: Conrad Zeus dorm Germany, introduced the first programmable computer  It solved complex engineering equations  It was also first to work on the binary system instead of decimal system

10. Modern History  1940 Onwards

11. First generation of computers (1942-1955)  Features: First generation computers were based on vacuum tubes which were glass (tubes) that controlled and amplified the electronics signals

12. ENIAC  1946: The ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developed by John W.Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania  It was developed for military need

13. ENIAC  It used 18,000 vacuum tubes  Punch-card input  Weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty- foot space

14. First Generation of Computers (1942-1955)  EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic calculator) 1949  UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 1951

15. Second Generation of Computers (1955-1964)  Features: Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors. Transistor is a small device that transfer electronic signals through resistors

16. IBM 1400  1961: The IBM 1400 Series were a major breakthrough for IBM  The first computer in this series was IBM 1401  The system contained many peripherals which included a new high-speed printer. This printer could print 600 lines per minute

17. Third Generation of Computers (1965-1975)  In this generation microelectronics technology was introduced that made it possible to integrate large number of circuit elements into very small surface of silicon known as a chips. This new technology was called INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (ICs)

18. Fourth Generation of Computers (1976-1989)  In this generation microprocessors were used. Microprocessor is small chip containing thousands of ICs on it. It greatly reduced the size of the computer.

19. Apple I and Apple II  1976: Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the Apple I computer  Then the following year 1977 introduced the Apple II microcomputer  These both have characteristics of a PC

20. IBM PC  In 1980, IBM tossed its hat into the personal computer, easily fit on a table or desk  They were available in taller or narrow size and have common features of personal computers

21. Fifth Generation of Computers (1990- onwards)  ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) and networks like LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN (Wide Area Network) are used in this generation. Mobile computers are introduced

22. Modern Computers

23. Future of Computers  Nanotechnology  Miniature (Pocket size)  Robot technology  Quantum computers  Wearable PC